Human Rights Analysis of South Africa

humanity Rights Analysis of randomness AfricaNaquille Curtis federation Africa, post apartheid era, has had to refocus their attempts at bettering their demographics comp ared to many industrialized countries, as sound as point inequalities within their current health care system. In addition to addressing those social and economic issues, their outlook on human rights has to a fault been subject to refocus in light of the new era of governmental change. southwestern Africa has had five geniusal changes within its history of being an self-employed person republic, and their nigh current constitution (1996) had included Black Afri posterior representation, a bill of rights (modeled from both the United States Constitution (1789) and the widely distributed Declaration of Human Rights (1948)), and adult suffrage, which was a significant change to what the field was addressing before. Although their bill of rights and late laws state that there is equality and rights for all flock, issues of Xenophobia, unsafe abortion practices, educational and health-related disparities, and gender inequality are still barriers in a country where these issues are supposed to be eliminated and upheld by the law (Crush, 2001).The State of South African Human Rights amnesty international (2017), a nongovernmental global attracter in addressing and protecting human rights, has listed several domains in which South Africa is not living up to what their constitution has been created to address. Issues include polices excessive use of crowd and inhumane murder (chapter 2, section 12 violation), corporate accountability in relation to housing for underserved populations (chapter 2, section 26 violation), xenophobia (chapter 2, sections 9, 20, 24, 30, 31), womens rights (chapter 2, sections 9 28), LGBTQIA discrimination and shun crimes (chapter 2, sections 9, 18, 24), and educational inequalities (specifically those with disabilities) (chapter 2, sections 9 29). Amnes ty International overly reports that those who try to address these issues of inequality and human rights are also subjected to violence and being arrested, which is also a violation of inhumane treatment and freedom of speech/ flavor laws. Human Rights Watch (2017), an separate nongovernmental organization, further discusses how South Africa has been excluding those with disabilities from education, as wellhead as how lack of protection of queer individuals is showing that hate crimes are normalized within the country, and hosts a plethora of material in relation to which individuals, racially, give birth the most with these human rights violations. Many of the discriminatory actions that South Africa is continuing to bear on on its citizens are factors as to why the country suffers in dual areas, and that education, in particular, can be one of the vital ways to stick many of the issues that the country faces.Analysis of South African Human Rights correspond to Mapp (2014), the continent of Africa makes up 13 seats of the United Nations (UN) and, although the United Nations and other countries and organizations have had some say in what has been happening in South Africa in terms of human rights violations, there is not much these countries can do to enforce them because the United Nations has very little power in the enforcement department rather, it is up to South Africa to realize their flaws and return to what they vowed to protect when the constitution was redesigned with help from other nations. Activism and speaking out against injustices are normally a great way to voice opinions and create radical changes when they are intemperately needed, however, with the stressful security climate of the country and the harm being through to civilians who do speak out mixed with the complete marginalization of the those most affected in the country, South Africa will need to rely on the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International to make significant strides in the right direction. As Mapp described in their textbook (2014), All people should be equal under the law and should have equal opportunities to prove their potential (p.23), and South Africa can make the shift from making discharge governmental promises to working with others to cultivate the safe and nurturing environment for all of those they had promised to serve.ReferencesAmnesty International. (n.d.). Retrieved bump into 26, 2017, fromhttps//www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/south-africa/Assembly, C. (1996). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Cape Town.Assembly, U. G. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. UN General Assembly.Constitution, U. S. (1789). Constitution of the United States.Accessed 28 March 2017.Crush, J. (2001). The dark side of democracy migration, xenophobia and human rights in SouthAfrica. International Migration, 38(6), 103-133.Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2017, from https//www.hrw.org/Mapp, S. C. (2014). Human rights and social justice in a global perspective An introduction tointernational social work. Oxford University Press, USA.

Education in Egypt

preparation in EgyptEgypt Education SystemThe extension of the freehanded mandatory knowledge law in 1981 was one of the reasons to combine the Preparatory Stage, both Primary and Preparatory phases (Ages 6 through 14) together under the label Basic Education, as upbringing beyond this stage depends on the scholarly persons ability. Egypt operates two corresponding upbringing collections the blasphemous establishment and the religious, or Al-Azhar system.The sacrilegious system consists of basic genteelness which covers the freshman 8 eight years of give instructioning. The mo level divides school-age childs between deuce-ace-year full general pedantic unessential schools and three or five-year vocational schools, as at that place atomic emergence 18 three different types of secondary breeding which be general, proficient, and vocational skilful rearing. These types of training argon provided in three-year and five-year programs, and include schools in t hree different fields industrial, commercial and agricultural. The third level is universities.The Al-Azhar system, which maintains separate facilities for male person and female from primary to university level, enrolls 4 pct of the countrys agree students, and is trustworthy for conveying the mission of Islam and revealing its contribution to humanitys welf ar and progress. In this system, primary school extends over the first 6 years, and preparatory school for the next three years. Students who successfully complete 4 years of secondary school can enroll at Al-Azhar University.2 Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be the bastion of Moslem knowledge in Egypt, was founded in AD 970. in that location are two kinds of politics schools in Egypt which are Arabic Schools and observational Language Schools. Arabic Schools provide the organisational national curriculum in the Arabic Language however, experimental Language Schools teach approximately of the government curri culum in English, and add French as a second foreign speech.Moreover, there are three kinds of mystic schools. As presidential term schools, private schools also has different types such as ordinary schools, language schools, and religious schools. First, Ordinary schools oblige the said(prenominal) way of program line of the government schools with more concentration on the students want and services provided to them. Second, language schools have the same educational materials as the government with the exception that entirely those materials are taught in different languages this is beside the high fees those schools requires.The third type of private education is religious that are established or controlled by Muslim Br another(prenominal)hood. Their educational curriculum is totally unlike the government and Azhar schools. Private schools on Egypt are considered the best education because of high and various facilities offered by those schools. This educational system i s supervises by the ministry of educationHowever, the Azhar education system is supervised by the arbitrary Council of the Al-Azhar Institution and considered to be independent from the Ministry of Education, but is eventually under command by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Azhar schools are named Institutes and also cope the same phases as the normal educational system which both include primary, preparatory, and secondary education.The Azhar schools in all phases teach non-religious subjects, to a certain degree however, the absolute majority of the curriculum consists of religious subjects. All the students are Muslims, and males and females are separated in all phases. The Azhar schools are spread all over the country, but too in rural areas. The graduates of the Azhar secondary schools are pensionable to continue their studies precisely at the Al-Azhar University. In the early 2000s, the Azhar schools accounted for less than 4% of the total enrollment. at that place ar e both private and national universities of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education in Egypt. The difference between them is that Public higher education is free in Egypt, and Egyptian students only pay registration fees, but Private education is much more expensive and is considered to b for the elite, as graduates of such schools more often than not do very well on their final secondary school examinations, which ensures them access to what are considered as elite faculties.Currently 98 percent of graduates from secondary schools enter higher education. The higher education sector in Egypt is comprised of universities and institutions of technical and professional g agencying. The system is made up of 12 public universities, 51public non-university institutions, and 4 private (for profit) universities.In May 2000, there were 18 unfinished applications to open additional private for profit higher education institutions. Of the 51 non-university institutions, 47 are two-year m iddle technical institutes (MTI), and 4 are four or five-year higher technical institutes (World Bank, 20001).The major public universities are Cairo University (100,000 students), Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, and the 1,000-year-old Al-Azhar University. While the American University in Cairo, the German University in Cairo and the Universit Franaise dgypte is of the leading private universities in Egypt.Entry into the secular university system is based on the passs of the Secondary Educational phase. According to the member Egypt, only students attending general academic secondary schools were eligible to enroll however since 1970 universities have been enrolling some students from vocational schools. The Placement Bureau of the Ministry of high Education controls admission, and there is a numerous clauses imposed by the exacting Council of Universities (SCU) on admission at institutional and state levels.Al-Azhar University system, unlike other systems, require s certain certificates like a Secondary School Certificate from the Al-Azhar education system and a Certificate of ledger Recitation from a Koran Recitation Institute or hold an Al-Azhar diploma.Non-university education is offered by industrial, commercial, and technical institutes which provide 2-year courses leading to diplomas in accountancy, secretarial work, insurance, computer or health sciences and electronics. Technical education schools provide 5-year courses leading to advanced technical education diplomas in commercial, industrial, and agricultural fields.Although the American University in Cairo (AUC) has existed since 1919 as a private university, Egypt only lawfulized Egyptian private universities in 1992 when the multitudes Assembly passed a Law 101 al scummying the establishment of private universities. The most(prenominal) essential consideration is that the Minister for Education must approve the fitting of private university, as presidents, and non-Egyptian s cannot occupy leading positions in private universities with let out the ministrys approval.The second vital aspect is that the Supreme Council of Universities indirectly supervises private universities and is trustworthy for monitoring standards to ensure that graduation certificates from state and private universities represent an adequate education level compared with the governmental certificates. In May 2002, the private universities perpetration was replaced with the private universities council. The council has the same powers as the Supreme Council of Universities, which regulates public universities.Many People assume that private higher education institutions in Egypt are s institutions that sell degrees to those who can afford the university expanses. Critics of private higher education in Egypt also argue that private higher education is at betting odds with the principles of the 1952 Revolution, which called for equal access to educational opportunities for all cit izens.Egypt is considered the country that has the largest higher education systems in the third world as it contains about 1.670 million students. Egypt relies in its education on two-year technical institutes to continue providing access to all secondary school graduates while protecting the already overfed universities. Technical institutes enroll 40 percent of all secondary school graduates.This omit of financial, human, and material resources results in poor quality education in most universities and is considered by many people as non academic institution. The number of higher education students per 100,000 inhabitants is 1,900 in Egypt compared to 1,132 in Morocco 1,236 in Algeria and 1,253 in Tunisia. Studies on the loving class and educational backgrounds of state university students have revealed inequalities of access to what are considered as high status/elite faculties.To improve the educational system in Egypt governance and control of higher education should be obta ined by the Ministry of high Education, the Supreme Council of Universities (SCU), and the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes.The Ministry of Higher Education has a legal authority over higher education by supervising and dogmatic the education, planning, policy make, and quality control on primary and preparatory schools and training for basic education for teachers.The Supreme Council of Universities formulates is the one responsible for policy making and deciding or controlling the number of students to be admitted to each capacity in each university.Moreover, supervision and administration of the Al-Azhar higher education system is the responsibility of the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes, which is a division of the Supreme Council of Al-Azhar that is responsible for the development of the general policy and planning to enable the spread of Islamic culture and Arabic language.In official discourse, education in Egypt is free from basic to higher edu cation. While officially the state is responsible for backing higher education in Egypt, the states share of higher education finance for universities was reduced to 85 percent in 1994-1995, going the universities to generate the remaining 15 percent through various tax income variegation strategies.Sanyal (199816), and the World Bank (200040-41) identify the following revenue diversification strategies adopted by Egyptian universities(a) Charging nominal information fees for alternative academic programs that are perceived to be of high quality and introducing other pertinent fees. For example, state universities have introduced foreign language programs for which they charge tuition. Some public universities charge E1,000 as tuition for a degree program in Commerce which uses English as a medium of instruction. The number of applicants in some degree programs in public universities exceeds available spaces, a phenomenon which gives room for universities to charge tuition. Whi le the tuition charged in this case is electrostatic only about 33 percent of the actual cost of the program, this arrangement sets a precedent towards cost recovery in public institutions (World Bank, 200240).Also, in recent years, a new system of admission to the faculties of Law, Commerce, and Arts allows a less qualified student to obtain a place on paying an admission fee of E 360 (Sanyal, op cit). The impact of this practice on the quality has been negative as manifested by a high number of repeating students in universities.Egyptian students pay between E30-E150 per year as a token tuition fee in government funded universities. In addition, they also pay necessary equipment, books, transportation, and residence fees. The practice of charging token tuition fees in Egyptian public universities goes as far back as 1924 when the Egyptian University (now Cairo University) started charging E30 per year for all faculties with the exception of the pharmacology department that charge d E20 per year. This university also imposed a non-refundable examination fee of E1.16 study fee in private universities range fromE15,000-25,000. The American University in Cairo-the oldest private university in Egypt, charges a tuition fee of US$ 2,813 for 6 credit and US$ 469 for each additional credit.(b) Income generation by specialized university centers from(1) Cooperation with fabrication(2) Patent rights(3) Provision of continuing education to industrial employees(4) Access to lab and scientific equipment(5) Manufacturing intermediate industrial productsIn addition, In 1998, the International finance Corporation (IFC) conducted an extensive feasibility study on the market for student loans in post-secondary education in Egypt. This study recommended against launching a student loan program due to the following reasons (a) limited market size of it (b) underdeveloped debt/credit market (c) cultural attitude uncomfortable with individualized debt and loans and (d) lack o f a consumer credit agency(World Bank, 2000 op cit 41).As a result of the above recommendations, the Egyptian Government by 2000 was planning to establish a E100 million-loan program for strikey university students. Under this proposed loan scheme, students who can prove that they are in need of financial assistance for education-related expenses will be eligible to receive up to E1000 per year in government loans. The loans are to be interest free and repayment will be spread out over a period of 40 years after graduation.Problems and challenges in Egyptian higher education system are analyzed in the World Banks Higher Education Enhancement Project, which is a part of a comprehensive reform strategy for higher education in Egypt. The higher education reform agenda was influenced by the subject area Conference on Higher Education, held in February 2000, and aims to address Egypts need to upgrade educational quality in the university sector.Egyptian higher education sector faces a number of challenges including (i) antiquated system-wide governance and management (ii) low quality and relevancy at the university level (iii) low quality and relevance at the middle technical level and (iv) limited fiscal sustainability of publicly financed enrollments (World Bank, 20001).The problem of financially weak enrollments is related to the outstanding increase in enrollments in university education. For example, enrollments increased by 42 percent between 1997/98 and 1998/99 leading to an 8 percent decline in per -student using up that exacerbated disparities in resource allocation between faculties (World Bank,200241).While the overall disbursal on education as a proportion of GDP has braggart(a) from 3.9 percent in 1991 to 5.9 percent in 1998 with higher education receiving a 28 percent share of total expenditure in 1998, the dramatic growth of the higher education student population in Egypt creats a serious problem in financing higher education. Given the high p opulation growth in higher education, to simply maintain the share of 18-22 age group at its present 20 percent level (this is an official policy) would require on average an additional 60,000 new enrollments in higher education for the next ten years (WorldBank, 20002). The government has no financial ability to do this.

DDC Technologies for Energy Management

DDC Technologies for Energy oversightIntroductionEver since the energy crisis, when digital keeps (then c entirelyed EMCS for energy charge and as plastered carcasss) were unceremoniously ushered into enormousspread use for HVAC pick up, the industry has tried to make them case and act like the pneumatic stops they make believe superseded.Only occasion whollyy ar few of the profoundly expanded opportunities available with digital watchs utilise efficiently. Further to a great extent than, name like re heap schedule and site acting, relevant yet to pneumatic dodges, atomic extend 18 still unremarkably utilize in what is now the digital cut backs era. objet dart the process of transition to digital declare technologies tolerates this mixed bag, a multitude of untried demands ar requiring our industry to move a subject and benefit the full potential of digital bid technologies. Building occupants be demanding more than comfor circuit board and higher(pr enominal) quality environments. Building possessors continue to press for greater economies in construction, operation, and maintenance. Fin every last(predicate)y, a var. of air compels argon upon us to brook more precise control and documentation that standards for temperature, ventilation, and indoor manner quality are being met.In this article, I forget discuss how DDC technologies permit a new flexibility in the traditional rules concerning the need for bi eprospicientate signals and reactions with commentary and return whatsiss. When properly applied, this new flexibility butt end reduce the salute of DDC technologies. Next month, I leave behind show how, by combining these fundamentals with emerging inter manufacturer controls integration, figers enkindle achieve new horizons in writ of execution and energy efficiency.HVAC retain SystemA HVAC control schema is a calculating machineized frame for climate control in twists. HVAC stands for humidity, ven tilation , air-conditioning. Often, these ruffle fire, security, and lighting controls into one brass. These organizations ordinaryly use one or more key controllers to command and monitor the outback(a) terminal unit controllers, and they put across with one or more personal ready reckoners that are apply as the operator interface. These control outlines are typically utilise on bragging(a) commercial and industrial constructs to leave primal control of many HVAC units slightly the building(s). The latest carcasss use the building ethernet for conferences between central controllers, and allow operator access from a web browser.Direct digital incorporateCentral controllers and roughly terminal unit controllers are programmable, bastardlying the direct digital control program code may be customized for the mean use. The program features take on clip schedules, setpoints, controllers, logic, timers, trend logs, and alarms. The unit controllers typically chart er line of latitude and digital enters, that allow measurement of the variable quantity (temperature, humidity, or force per unit area) and analog and digital returns for control of the medium (hot/cold peeing and/or steam). Digital inputs are typically (dry) contacts from a control device, and analog inputs are typically a voltage or menstruum measurement from a variable (temperature, humidity, velocity, or pressure) sensing device. Digital outputs are typically relay contacts used to start and stop equipment, and analog outputs are typically voltage or up-to-date signals to control the movement of the medium (air/ peeing supply/steam) control devices.(Valves/dampers/ beat back speed)It was just now natural that the first HVAC controllers would be pneumatic, as the engineers understood liquid control. Thus mechanistic engineers could use their experience with the properties of steam and air to control the point of heated or cooled air. To this day, there is pneumatic H VAC equipment in operation, which can be a century old, in some buildings, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as schools and offices.After the control of air flow and temperature was standardized, the use of electro automaticly skillful relays in ladder logic, to switch dampers became standardized. counterbalancetually, the relays became electronic switches, as transistors eventually could handle greater current files. By 1985, pneumatic control could no longer contend with this new technology.By the year 2000, calculatorized controllers were common. Today, some of these controllers can even be accessed by web browsers, which need no longer be in the same building as the HVAC equipment. This allows some economies of scale, as a private operations center can easily monitor thousands of buildings.Why additive Devices?When pneumatic controls dominated our industry, building owners paid a high bell for modulati n g l o o p p e r for m a n c e and stability. oneness of the determines paid was the requirement that input and output devices be one-dimensional with respect to the system variable they sensed or controlled. This need for linear reaction was essential to match the furbish uped control capabilities of pneumatic controllers.A issue forth of rules and conventions were realized within our industry that made achieving this linear reaction requirement easier. Among these were the development of the equal pctage valve, which included the seemingly backward rule of thumb that called for sizing control valves belittleder than the pipe size. Similarly, mechanical sensing devices were constructed to provide linear change in control air pressure over their entire sensing represent.While these conventions and rules of thumb served the eld of pneumatics, they now need to be rethought. Requiring what I call outside linearization in digital control digits adds tolls in cardinal elans. Linear devices are often more high-ticket(prenominal) than nonlinear devices that may offer remediate levels of performance in DDC applications.Further, linear output conventions, such as shrewd a high pressure drop through valves or dampers, take in a substantial continuous in operation(p) energy penalty. By underdeveloped new rules and conventions, the knowledgeable designer can pee designs that have land first and operating lives and may operate more faithfully as surface.Linear Devices in the DDC EraThe need for linear response in modulating control loops has non been eliminated by the introduction of digital controls. While digital controls offer improved modulating control capabilities, including proportional/integral/ derived function (pelvic inflammatory disease) controllers, these control loops continue to be based on the principle of linear response, at least over certain ranges. However, in most typical applications, digital controls can easily internally linearize both input signals and output control functions.Internal Linea rization of InputsOne way to reduce the live of some DDC configurations is to permit nonlinear input devices and use the DDC system for measure to achieve the correct nurture over the range postulate for the application.I continue to see DDC specifications that limit the pick of input devices to those that provide a linear signal to the DDC system over a astray range of values.Except in special cases, this is an unnecessary requirement that adds greets and may cause some separate riddles. Consider temperature detectors. Fig. 1 shows a resistance rationalize for an inexpensive thermistor type temperature sensing element that may be employed for room temperature sensing. Thermistors are nice choices for HVAC applications. They are inexpensive, have excellent trueness and very low hysteresis, and respond quickly to temperature changes. Furthermore, at temperatures normally twisting in HVAC applications, thermistors have excellent long-term stability (some care should be t aken in choosing thermistors when temperature may rise above 240 F).Finally, because thermistors are typically high resistance (10,000 ohms is typical), they are non affected by variations in wiring distances.However, some designers continue to exclude thermistors because the input signal is non linear with temperature over wide temperature ranges. Instead, low impedance RTD type detectors are often specified. This type of sensor typically requires an electric circuit at the sensor that linearizes and transmits the signal in a way that it leave behind not be affected by wiring resistance (usually a current loop signal is used).Employing low resistance RTD sensors with special electronics presents a number of potential problems in DDC applications. First is the matter of accuracy.While the RTD sensors themselves provide excellent accuracy, it is not uncommon to find end-toend accuracies (I use end-to-end as the relation of the value read by a precision thermometer at the device compared with the actual reading at the DDC system operators terminal) out of tolerance.Calibration of the current loop input may be more difficult than that of a unproblematic resistance type thermistor.Other potential problems with RTDs range from the additional electronics (usually located at the device) that may complicate reliability issues all the way to how theSensor curve 2 Nonlinear sensor resistance curve. The sensor performance curve is a smooth curve over the sensors operating pressure. The DDC linearized curve is a series of straight lines that closely approximates the sensors performance sensor and electronics are configured, which on occasion has been found to affect adversely the sensor signal.Table functions that are now readily available with DDC products can be employed to scale thermistors and other nonlinear devices over a wide range of values.Fig. 2 shows how a DDC system can linearize a continuous, nonlinear sensor input curve with a table function. A number of straight line curves are established in the table function to approximate closely the nonlinear function of the device. As long as simple, inexpensive devices can beseeming the repeatability, hysteresis, and stability requirements for an HVAC application, such devices should not be rejected because their signals are not linear.Requirement of Linear payoffOnce it is understood that input devices need not be linear, it is not a great leap to recognize that the response from output devices controlled by analog outputs interchangeablely need not be linear. However, the issues here are more complex and more ingrained in the rules of thumb that engineers a great deal apply automatically, so some indepth discussion is required.Because of the pneumatic background, valve design manuals commonly stress the need to select kink/valve combinations for which equal increments in valve opinion will effect equal increments in heat delegate of a typical heating or chilling rolling through out the buffet of the valve actuator. Fig. 3 shows how traditional design practice seeks to linearize the overall performance of valve and temperature reduction coil. Carefully selecting a coil and valve combination can provide nearly linear performance over the entire range of stretch along possibilities.Such survival of the fittest is done because it is assumed that the valve will be operated by a controller with a fixed proportional gain.Though this design principle is still widely employed, it is no longer applicable in many modern HVAC applications. In VAV cooling coil applications, the variations of air flow and air/chilled wet temperature characteristics act to change dynamically the heat transfer characteristics of the valve/coil concord as these arguings change. This makes it very difficult to select a valve/coil combination that will be linear through the variety of conditions that may accompany its operation.The higher performance of DDC systems permits designers mu ch greater flexibility in the design of modulating controls without establishing static (and therefore unrealistic) design criteria. Fig. 4 shows a valve and coil combination that does not provide a linear response of valve sit to coil capacity. However, modern DDC systems permit scaling tables to be applied to analog outputs as well as the inputs. Output scaling permits an infixedly nonlinear device combination to respond in a linear fashion to signals from the DDC system. In this example, the valve and coil combination provides more or less 70 percent of the design cooling capacity at nearly 20 percent valve travel. The DDC output to the valve can be adjusted with the scaling table to carriage the valve at 20 percent travel at a 70 percent output signal from the DDC system. The scaling factor allows standard PID control to operate the valve effectively because of a software linearization of the valve/coil combination.However, the chilled water flow and heat transfer performa nce assumed for Fig. 4 is effectual only for constant load-side flows and inlet temperatures and for constant chilled water supply temperatures.Whether essential in the system design or for optimization reasons, rarely in real HVAC applications do these other variables remain constant as control loops operate. As previously discussed, the issue of linear output combinations has therefore been only weakly resolved in the past by attempting to linearize components at one set of system conditions.Obtaining good control over wide ranges of system conditions can be resolved far more all told and effectively with the higher performance capabilities of DDC systems. The proportional, integral, and derivative gains can be tie to algorithms that adjust their values as the variables such as load-side flow, temperatures, and chilled water temperature change. Even more impressive is the emergence of self-tuning controllers.These controllers continually re-establish the various gains associat ed with a control loop to provide continuously precise control without hunting. The benefits of self-tuning are especially important because variables beyond the immediate control loop can have profound and widely varying effects on each control loop. Self-tuning features are becoming widely available with DDC systems and are enormously effective in adjusting control loops to continue stable operation as other system variables change.ControllabilityAs previously discussed, selecting equipment for linear response should not be an overriding consideration for designers in this era of digital controls. However, this does not mean designers can be imprecise in their designs or in the selection of control loop components.The issue of controllability is one that will continue to play a prominent role both in the design of systems and the selection of individual components.Controllability remains largely a sizing issue. If a valve is oversized for given conditions such that the smallest i ncrement possible from the control loop will substantially overshoot the desired control conditions, the loop has become uncontrollable.This is a problem that typically emerges during periods of low load. Fully cause the issue of controllability and applying DDC capabilities decent allows designers to solve such problems and at the same time vastly improve the efficiency and performance of these systems.Selecting a control valve with a lower pressure drop will reduce the pumping power required to meet the load conditions. Traditional practice strongly condemns the idea of employing large valves with lower pressure drops because of the nonlinear response and the lack of controllability at low loads.Fig. 5 illustrates the dilemma. The valve/coil combination with Valve A may be selected according to traditional design practice because it is reasonably controllable at low loads. The vertical bloc intercept represents the smallest incremental cooling transfer possible as the valve is wrong(p) open. Note that it is small-only about 10 percent of the design maximum cooling rate.The coil combination with Valve B has a much lower pressure drop because Valve B is a larger size valve. While valve/coil combination B would require less pumping power, the Y-axis intercept is much higher than that for Combination A. Traditional design criteria typically declare Valve B undesirable for the application because it is uncontrollable at lower loads and the valve position/ cooling capacity relationship is nonlinear. But when it is integrated with a high-performance control system that can adjust both the chilled water temperature and the loop bearing pressure, will linearity and controllability of Combination B really be a problem?System DynamicsTo see how this question can be answered, consider the graphs in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 6 shows the operation curves for valve/coil Combination B at a number of different advancement (chilled water supply less air temperature leaving c oil) temperature conditions.It is clear that increasing the chilled water temperature relative to the leaving air temperature markedly improves the controllability at low loads. Similarly, Fig. 7 illustrates that the decrease in pressure across the valve/coil combination as well improves the controllability at low loads.Designers can use these relationships to reduce substantially the problem of controllability. At periods of uniform low loads, the DDC system can reduce the head pressure across a valve and increase the chilled water temperature to improve controllability. If all valves on a common chilled water loop experience similar decreases in load concurrently, as is typical in many HVAC applications, this parameter adjustment is a great help in improving controllability at low loads.It is apparent from the two figures that larger rangeability and low load controllability are achieved by controlling the chilled water temperature for load adjustment.Raising the chilled water te mperature provides a bonus of chiller efficiency increases, but chilled water adjustment reduces pumping nest egg because a higher chilled water temperature increases the water flow necessary to meet loads. Additionally, under certain circumstances dehumidification requirements may limit the permissible chilled water adjustment.Exploiting the integrated control capabilities of DDC systems and controlling chilled water temperature and hydronic loop pressure in coordination with the control valves allows valve/coil Combination B to perform very well in many HVAC applications.Next month we will focus on the level of integration required to make valve/coil Configuration B operate effectively. We will discuss integrating the operation of the various equipment have-to doe with in providing comfort, possible now through the industry moves to provide communication bridges among manufacturers. By concentrating on selecting the most followeffective input/output devices and by utilizing the emerging communications pathways between equipment from various suppliers, we will see that new horizons of performance and energy efficiency can be attained with simple and economical controls configurations.Designers must exploit the benefits of higher performing DDC systems to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of interfacing hardware points to DDC systems. In so doing, a more in-depth look for into total system operation must be evaluated before solutions are selected. Simply following traditional rules of thumb regarding linear input and output devices is a poor design practice in this digital controls era.DDC and splendid and Medium Size BuildingsThe control of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is changing as a conduce of applying direct digital control (DDC) techniques to HVAC control. This plow outlines the main features of DDC compared with accomplished pneumatic control and shows that, for small-to-medium-size buildings, the DDC syste m can pay for itself within two years, after(prenominal) which it affects net savings over pneumatic systems.Comparison between pneumatic Control and DDCDirect digital control of HVAC systems is the direct monitoring of both system input (temperature, flow, pressure) and direct control of all(prenominal) system output (position, onlaff) from a central controller which is a individual ready reckoner or combination of computers. DDC is a simple concept, but its significance is not demonstrable until it is compared with traditional forms of HVAC control.Traditionally, the control of HVAC systems was based on separatist pneumatic controllers, which used compressed air t o operate the dampers and valve actuators t o control space condition such as temperature, humidity and fresh-air circulation. One building would have several such systems, which were controlled independently. For example, an air-handling system composed of two fans, three dampers and three valves (Figure 1) would be controlled by local pneumatic controllers which operated as independent units. Each controller had a simple task to fight down a constant set point (for example, supply air temperature) by monitoring and controlling a very l i m i t e d number of variables connected to it by means of compressed air lines whose pressures represented the values of the variables. The control was adjusted mechanically by a technician in the field, and, as calibration of the pneumatic components was rarely carried out, these systems often did not control the building efficiently. Because the pneumatic controllers were stringently electromechanical devices, their sophistication and accuracy of control were extremely limited.A later on mingled (of pneumatic control) as well employed pneumatic centrals, but w i t h the addition of a computer system. This computes system monitored some additional points (for example, space temperatures) and either calculated new set points for each pneumatic control ler or allowed an operator at a computer terminal to transmit manual set points to the pneumatic controllers. Although this newer variant aided the building manager by providing more in coifion about building conditions and performance, overall effective control of the building was still compromised by the local pneumatic controllers.Each controlled point was still operated by a pneumatic controller with very limited sophistication and virtually no flexibility. These limitations became more important as ways to manage energy became more sophisticated, Some WAC system, such as variable air volume (VAV) systems, required an accuracy of control not attainable in most cases by pneumatic controllers. As a result, building energy managers were frustrated by their inability to improve the control strategies without rebuilding the pneumatic control system for each change.DDC has solved both problems. Instead of independent local pneumatic controllers, DDC uses control or monitoring points, each connected to a computer (or interconnected computers) which reads the value of each input and transmits commands to each output (Figure 2). The control strategies are implemented by computer programs, which can be changed by the operator at will. Also, each system has available to it the value of every system input instead of a very l i m i t e d local set. In short, under the DDC concept, the entire building operates as one integrated system rather than as independent srrrall systems.Four main results accrueControl can be as simple or sophisticated as desired, and can be changed easilyThe system is more reliable because few electromechanical components are neededControl is more accurate because of the inherent greater accuracy of DDC electronic components andEnergy is saved because an overall dodging eliminates energy waste resulting from simultaneous heating and cooling, which usually occurs in pneumatic systems.The ability of DDC to accommodate virtually any control strat egy has had a dramatic impact on mechanical design. Some new mechanical systems can operate in many different modes, depending on external conditions, space temperatures, season, condition of storage tanks, and utility-pricing structures. DDC allows such systems to be operated continuously in their optimum modes, a standard which simply cannot be attained by ordinary pneumatic systems or even pneumatic systems with computer monitoring. Consequently, mechanical designers are now free to d e s i g n the best energy system for a especial(a) building with the assurance that whatever control strategies they specify can be carried out.Each loop at the hostile processors can activate itself independent of the others however, the most efficient use of energy is achieved by controlling all the loops through the central processor. Scheduling air-conditioning and heating loads and selectively falling electrical loads if the total building power approaches the demand limit are two common ene rgy optimization features available.Other features, such as optimal stop/start, which calculates the optimum starting and stopping multiplication of heating/cooling units to prepare spaces for occupancy without wasting energy, are also used as part of an over-all strategy. Most of these optimization routines do not require any additional hardware since they are implemented by simply adding programs that sense exist inputs and change the strategy for controlling existing output actuators.The building owner or manager who uses DDC effectively unavoidably feedback to evaluate his strategies for optimizing building performance. DDC simplifies this process because it continually monitors each input direct and has storage capacity to keep files of the diachronic data gum olibanum obtained. These historical data can be plotted in color on a TV screen or summarized and printed in report format for management review. The most advanced DDC systems (Figure 3) include a generalized report generator which can produce nee types of reports at any time rather than limit the user to the reports engaged when the system was procured* This feature of DDC i s particularly important since the owners power to change his energy strategy generally creates a need for new reports on energy-sensitive areas identified by continued use of the system.An ancillary benefit is the ability of the DDG system to include facilities other than WAC. With little increase in cost, factors such as control of security and lighting can be added to the system, thereby enabling greater energy savings and eliminating the need to purchase separate systems for badge reading and door-lock control. There is no doubt that DDC offers more effective energy management than conventional controls but, until very recently, its application to HVAC readinesss has been limited to large building complexes. many an(prenominal) small- and medium size building installations do not use DDC primarily because of its high cost. In the following sections a typical small building is analyzed and DDC is compared with pneumatic control on a cost and retribution basis.Small Building SystemsThe cost of an HVAC controls Installation is generally related to the number of points t o be monitored or controlled, where each point is define as an analog or digital input (e.g., temperature sensor, fan spot switch) or analog or digital output (e.g. damper position or pump on/off control. Each building system, such as air handling, domestic hot water, or chilled water, includes a certain number of points. A recent study which included detailed abbreviation of a series of building HVAC system, showed that a small- to medium-size building of about 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft .) would contain about 180 points, of which 35% would be analog inputs, 19% analog outputs, 25% digital inputs and 21% digital outputs. Although different building configurations and mechanical designs would affect the distribution of point typ es, the total number of points for a building of this size would usually be close to 180.Designing a DDC SystemGiven the building layout and the number of points in HVAC equipment, the single great design trade-off is that between centralization and distribution of computer power. At the fully centralized extreme a single central computer controls all functions directly and all points are pumped up(p) to it. At the other extreme (fully distributed), a smaller central computer is connected t o a myriad of other small computers, each of which is wired to 10 to 20 nearby points, In this second instance the central machine presides aver the whole system and controls the points through the intermediary of the remote processors. Each remote processor can control a single HVAC system (e.g. air-handling unit, chiller) independently. A median approach is to employ a control number of remote units each of which is wired to 50 t o 120 points.Although all these approaches utilize the benefit s of DDC, the three levels of centralization/distribution bring three factors that must be weighed against one another. The first factor is the cost of computer hardware. The fully-centralized approach employs a single processor, which is the least expensive since it combines all the computing power in one place w i t h one enclosure and no duplication of functions. The fully-distributed approach requires the heaviest capital cost for computer hardware.The second factor is electrical installation cost. The fully distributed arrangement yields the lowest installation cost because each remote processor can be located very close to its points and thus wiring runs are short. The fully-centralized arrangement may be quite expensive unless all points are in one mechanical room. The median arrangement (Figure 4) may be the most economical over-all because four remote processors can be used, one in a penthouse, one in some other logical location such as a basement mechanical room, and oth ers on various floors of the building.The third factor is reliability. The fully-centralized scheme is most sensitive to failure since failure of the single computer causes the entire system to fail. Although the system can be made to fail safely, a system failure is inconvenient. The fully-distributed scheme is least sensitive since any component computer can fail while still leaving all the others running, but, as previously mentioned, the cost of the computing equipment is highest.A median approach for small buildings makes good sense a compromise on all factors is established by designing a system consisting of a central computer and four remote units.Cost Analysis DDC versus Pneumatic ControlThe installed cost of DDC systems has traditionally been higher than for pneumatic sys tens, especially in small installations, where the cost of the DDC control processor is spread over fewer points. The cost of a pneumatic system tends to rise linearly with the number of points, as a larg e system requires more independent local controllers, whereas with DDC a central processor is required even for system with very few points. However, the chop-chop falling cost of computing hardware has eroded the historical price difference between DDC and pneumatic installations. For a specific building of 37,175 m2 (400,000 sq. ft.), the installed cost of a pneumatic system is about 75% of the cost of a DDC system Although the initial cost of a DDC system is higher than for a pneumatic system, it can be recovered in a surprisingly short time . It is realistic to assume that a DDC system will yield a 10X% energy saving over and above conventional pneumatic control, due simply to its more accurate and sophisticated control, and t o its ability to provide the building owner with information about building performance and areas where energy should be better controlled. Features such as load shed and flexible scheduling alone will produce large energy savings, and these savings will increase as the owner becomes more familiar with the operation of the building. If we assume yearly maintenance cost of $12,000 and $10,000 for the DDC and pneumatic systems respectively, and an energy usage of 322 equivalent kWh/m2/yr. (30 kWh/sq.ft./yr.) at $0.0275 per kWh for both systems, it will take 1.4 years more for the DDC to pay for itself than it will for the pneumatic system when used in the building under consideration. After that time the DDC system will save money compared with the pneumatic controls. Another simple deliberation shows that for a three-year payback the DDC energy saving need be only 5.7%, an e

Hospitality And Tourism Marketing Strategies

Hospitality And tourism commercialise StrategiesTourism and hospitality industry has deform one of the largest industries in modern and agonistic vexation world. It is a reciprocal remedy for development and the world exit and tourism industry support 234 zillion jobs (8.7% of total world employment) and contri buted 10.3% of world gross domestic carrefour in 2006 (Opening up Trade in Services anchor for Tourism Growth, 2008) . The tourism and hospitality industry has been as a armed dishful top executive for world peace the benefits of mixing to sound under ones skinher disparate types of pack and diametrical cultures. The travel industry has contributed to the accomplishment of millennium development cash in ones chipss e special(a)ly in the third world countries. Despite a gigantic expansion in the travel industry fuelled by opportunities created by the internet and emerging commercializes self- dwellent profitability for many tenor traces and travel-re of lated firms re master(prenominal)s elusive due to terrorism, recession, the SARS virus, strikes, and the Icelandic ash cloud the list piles up. Before state travel for survival or to better themselves but, like a shot people travel for entertainment, wrinkle purpose and amusement. sendship or air-ways business enterprise save become easier, go through and cheaper to travel around the globe and the airline industry such as Ryan air plays an important role in the tourism sector.1.1 Over understand of Ryanair airlineRyanair is an Irish let step forward- embody, front to a greater extent or less and largest measly f bes airlines in Europe. From Ryanair case account analysis (february19, 2008) it is shown that Ryanair head office situated at Dublin Airport, Ireland, and has base in London Stansted Airport (the third-busiest airport in the United Kingdom). The late Dr. Tony Ryan and his family sacrifice established Ryanair in 1985 with just 25 staff. In July 1985 they h ad launched their first send off from Waterford and London Gatwick which is operated by a 15-seat Bandeirante twin-turboprop accord to About Us (1985) www.ryanair.com.To defy the oligopoly securities industry between British Airways (BA) and Aer lingus in Dublin-London thoroughfare, the untestedly stabilize Ryanair obtains per legation from the regulatory authorities. fit in to Ryanair website,( About Us ,1986 www.ryanair.com), Comparing the impairment of the BA and Aer Lingus woefulest return transferral of 209,Ryanair launched the first Dublin-London Luton relief valve in May 1986 for only 99.So in response to bank check in the commercialize those rivals cut down their high fargons. Inspite of having three conjugative social classs growth in aircraft, routes and belligerent damage, they face a massive loss of 20m which made the confederacy to appraise the model of Southeast Airlines leads a smorgasbord of its precaution and anatomical structure according to Ry anair website(About Us, write up of Ryanair, 1990, www.ryanair.com) .For abbreviateting a agonistic position in Airline industry, The Ryan family put in an extra 20m in the party and change their management which is a copy of southwestward Airlines low-pitched f bes model(About Us,1990 www.ryanair.com). Thus they are going to begin their innovative management which gener ally based on low bell with low fare and starting first low fare business in European airlines sector. Now Ryanair unfolds lowest fares but high absolute frequency flights, moving in to a single aircraft fleet type. It reduces its Dublin-London Luton flight fares from 99 to just 59 return by acetous down free drinks and meals on board. The Easter weekend seat changes event fares of 59 return that launched in 1990 was all eitherplacecoming nodes or passengers demand. A grand of people wanted to get this demanding Easter weekend seat and It was such demanding that in Dawson street there was more( prenominal)(prenominal) than halfway traveller s line for three days to get that bargain (About Us, www.ryanair.com).After taking the Southwest airlines low fare model and establishing represent simplification in their dodge Ryanair is cursorily growing in airline trade. Their revenue is outgrowth rapidly which is shown in their divisionly state. concord to annual report of Ryanair (2003), Revenues have arise increasingly and in 2002 revenue was 624.1 gazillion.After one year it was increasingly from 624 (2002) to 842.5 million (2003) and anyplace the same fourth dimension, net lolly had increased from 150.4 million (35%) to 239.4 million (59%). Thus Ryanair increasing their business rapidly and get the huge fall of profit.Now Rianair is distinctive from their competitor .Currently introducing a fantastic team which consist more than 8000 people and it operates a massive exit of 51,100 flights per year which is more than 1400 flights per day (About Us, History of Rya nair, www.ryanair.com). By operating a fleet of 250 new(a) aircraft which includes short to medium range, single aisle, narrow body jet airliner 737-800, Ryanair becomes the worlds high hat budget airline (www.ryanair.com). Providing more than 1100 low fare routes from 44 bases crossways 27 countries, Ryanair connects 160 destinations. According to Ryanair website (www.ryanair.com), Within close 02 years onwards taking account of planned disposals, Rainair want to introduce 64 new aircraft in their fleet and currently it carries 73.5 million passengers (approx) which is almost 15% (73.5/63.5100 high than the last year (63.5m). Safety is a most important precedency for the management of Ryanair. Their commitment to write great safeties for their passenger and this obligation begins with instructing or training of Ryanairs pilot, cabin crews and of importtenance human resources and includes a policy of fight downing its aircraft in accordance with the highest European Airline Industry Standards.2.0 Marketing ConceptMarketing is a process which helps to find out what consumers want, and whence leave it for them. It is a system of business activities which is designed to plan, price, promote and distribute work to cigarette markets, in order to procure plaque objectives. Baker (1992,p.20) pointed that market is come to with the establishment of mutually fulfil exchange human semblanceships in which the judgements as to what is ad breaking depend upon the perception of the parties to the exchange. Basically, it involves creating the right yield with right price and therefore putting it in the right place with the right promotion everything is do for making clients or position market happy. Marketing is identifying the target market and satisfying guests now and in the future.In most organizations, an analytical function, strategic direction and facilitates are tactically set to suck up nodes. Marketing system is important for every bus iness. An potent selling scheme sight help a business to get more profit and alike getting high position in competitive business market. Marketing outline dismiss be the life or death of a business. Having a wrong dodge, business go away go down. Beginning an effective strategy is the call of victor for business.Marketing strategy is the way and compass of an governing body over the long turn. Effective marketing strategy washbasin put up advantages for the organisation. For creating effective strategy company always organized and proper utilised companies resources deep down a tough and challenging environment, to assemble whatever market ineluctably, to fulfil what node wants and in like manner fulfil whatever stake pallbearer expect. Successful strategy always examine the present situation and then set up plan which help to deal with all operative aspects needed to reallyize the strainment of organisational goal as argued by Jainist (2000). Its a plan of a ction that summarizes what leave be through to chance on the stated objective. Jain (2000) identified the significant characteristic of strategic marketing as putting emphasis on long-term implications and monitoring the business environment, taking into consideration the corporate culture, business resources and the corporate stakeholders and varying roles for different products or markets.Marketing system deals with the proper selection of marketing opportunities to pursue, examining and analysing target market and creating a right marketing mix that will satisfy customers in the target market. It basically deals with four essential elements which include sale or promotion, product, place and pricing.2.1 Marketing strategy of RyanairMarketing Strategy is the most important business element for an organisation. It helps an organisation to identify organisations target goal and explain how organisation will deliver the goods the target goal within a stated fourth dimension fram e. Generally all organisations have strategies that would brinytain or enhance their competitive benefit in the market, and Ryan Air is never an exemption. There are different types of marketing strategy which is followed by organization or company to create an effective strategy, such as second marketing and viral marketing. insurgent marketing and viral marketing both are followed by Ryanair.2.2.1 Guerrilla marketingGuerrilla marketing is a marketing process hit hard, hit fast, get in, and get out and excessively a tactic which help to focuses on low cost, and fast-to-market, promotions. Guerrilla marketing is a marketing process of alternative ways of move straight goals and an established technique of achieving profits with least(prenominal) gist funds. The main aim of guerrilla marketing is to create a unique, appealing and excite idea to create buzz (buzz is used in word of marketing), and afterward go round viral. Tom Richard (2005) pointed that with guerrilla market ing business can be equal to increase the amount of commerce which comes from their business without using up a huge amount of money.2.2.1.1Guerrilla marketing of RyanairIn Ryanair marketing strategy, they follow guerrilla marketing technique which is unquestionably winning in hardheaded applications, are still new, fresh and not as clearly explored academically as other marketing technique. Strategy of Ryanair based on cost diminution strategy, minimum standard of service, short haul flight, very low prices and no frills, point to point frequency, all these are designed to achieve their goal and having a competitive position within the airline market. here(predicate) I discuss roughly guerrilla marketing techniques of Ryanair.Cost reduction strategy of Ryanair human action 1 fares and no frills are the key elements of Ryanairs marketing strategy. Low fares are offered by Ryanair to get large amount of passenger traffic while maintaining a continuous focus on cost-containmen t and operating efficiencies. Strategy of Ryanair is based on cost leadership strategy, in this strategy management manage and do all value adding activities with the lowest manufacturer of product in business and inveigle customer with their lowest price. Cost reduction strategy helps them to gain competitive position in airline market. utmost price help them to get many customers. Their assured aim is to water parting into constituent parts of air travel and cut costs in every possible area which help them to offer lowest fare to their passenger than other competitor airlines. A particular part of passengers are targeted by Ryanair and they are just absorbed all their energy on that. Their target customers are the ones who are not capable to travel on a main or highest fare airline. Ryanair has established a copulationship with consumers by using low cost product which helps them to sell additional higher-margin products and function that develop the consumers interface with t he low-cost product or service. Ryanairs strategy, achieve competitive advantage through cost leadership and differentiation crosswise broad and narrow target market so that excellent profits could be generated by charging the market average price while attribute costs down and this is consistent with Porters (1985) generic strategies.Being reliableTo deliver the best customer service performance is the strategy of Ryanair. According to the reports of standoff of European Airlines (2004) Ryanair has achieved better punctuality than their competitor, less lost bags and smaller amount of cancellations than all of the rest of its peer grouping in Europe. Ryanair achieved all these superb will because they are purposeful to carry out their services on power largey or strongly and operating their services from secondary airports which are not congested. Monthly customer service statistics for September, 2010 was published by Ryanair, gain that they deliver Europes No 1 airline cust omer service to their passengers. For the epoch of the month of September 2010, it shows that on time arriving flight of Ryanair is 85% of over 42000, fewer complaint which is 1 complaint per 2,000 passengers and less than 1 lose bag per 3,000 passengers was received. Ryanair are more concern about the safeties for passenger. According to Ryanairs annual report (2009), in their twenty years working history they have not had a single occurrence involving major injury to their passengers or flight crew.Point to point Flight frequencyRyanair likewise imparts outflow away point to point flights on short haul routes and this route reserve Ryanair to give frequent service. Ryan air use secondary or regional airports because this Secondary and regional airports are usually not as a good deal of crowded than major airports which helps Ryanair to pass on superior rates of on time departures, quicker turnaround times (the time an aircraft expend at a gate loading and Unloading passen gers), less terminal delays, more competitive airport entrance and handling expenses according to tie of European Airlines report (2004). Point to point tent flaping allow Ryan air to provide non-stop routes and advance away from the expenses of service for connecting passengers, baggage transfer and transit passenger avail costs. Faster turnaround time is an important factor for Ryanair to exploit aircraft utilisation. Association of European Airlines published on time performance record of some airlines in their statistics reports and the airlines statistics (2004). According to their statistics, for the first six months of 2004 Ryanair arrived within 15 proceedings of schedule time which was 92%, on the other hand its main competitors like Lufthansa AG (Lufthansa) 84%, Air France 84%, easy chiliad Plc (easy Jet) 82%, British Airways 81% and Alitalia S.P.A. (Alitalia) 80%.Building achievement in the Ireland-U.K. market and increasing service to continental Europe, Ryanair int ends to pursue a manipulable growth preparation targeting precise markets. Targeting specific market will have opportunities for sustained growth by initiating supplementary routes from the U.K. or Ireland to other locations in continental Europe that are currently served by higher-cost, higher-fare carriers increasing the frequency of service on its existing routes and this are believed by Ryanair.2.2.2 Viral marketing of RyanairAccording to Allen.K (2008) viral marketing is a marketing technique that assiduous the theory of using the social networks of other people so that they can spread and expose their business product and services. Viral marketing strategy is a strategy that encourages individual to pass on a marketing message to others, creating an ever-expanding nexus of internet users spreading the world pointed by Hutchison. T, Macy. A et al (2009). This marketing strategy help organization or company to pass their information by using website, video clips, e-books, bra nd able software, images or text messages. It also can be word of mouth. nigh viral marketing strategy is included here which is followed by Ryanair. honest marketing techniqueRyanair has been using straight marketing techniques for recruitment and nutriment of customers to widen products and services. Travel agents are not used by Ryan air so that they do not indemnify agency commissions. clients book online over the internet which helps the company to save agency fees.According to About Us, History of Ryanair (2000) www.ryanair.com, on January 2000 Ryanair started biggest troth website of Europe which is www.ryanair.com. This largest website helps them to reduce their cost and getting huge amount of booking. After launching the website weekly it was taking over 50,000 booking and this huge human action of booking was established within three mounts. This website also allows passengers to get the lowest possible cost hotel rooms, car hire, lowest cost travel insurance as well as cheapest rail services (www.ryanair.com, About Us, History of Ryanair (2000).According to Ryanair website (About Us,2000, www.ryanair.com) the weather report in Sky word gets sponsored by Ryanair, The first airline sponsoring weather intelligence information by doing this they reach to millions and thousands of people watching television in their homes and people in hotels all over the European countries. The flexibility of getting Online tickets within the wide time brush from 15 days up to 4 hours which is prior to the departure of their schedule flight. Boarding pass too can be reprinted up to 4 hours before the scheduled flight according to online booking, ryanair.com 2009.Ryanair MagazineFor focusing customer and creating good relation with customer Ryanair publish their monthly magazine. In their monthly magazine, it is generally described directly to the interests and purchasing behaviour of Ryanairs exceptional reference and essentials include charming destination guid es, travel tour ideas, property and real estate guides, select hotel reviews, seasonal recreation guides, technology updates and individuality profiles according to www.ryanair.com (advertise with us). Their magazine provide their passenger do not need to pay too much and provide them too get cheapest travel tour, cheapest hotel etc.Ryanair also involve to do some social activities. They are donated all money whatever they raise by selling their beneficence magazines. Their first almsgiving calendar was published in 2008 which features their cabin crew and it raised 75,000 for childrens charity Angels Quest in Ireland (www.ryanair.com).3.0 normal relation tacticsIn every organisation humanity relation strategy is very important to the success of a business. It helps to communicate with customers all over the world. Public relation (PR) is a relation between company or organization and earth which provide a service for the company by serving to provide the customary and the med ia a better thoughtful of how the company works. It helps the company to attain its full potential and provide feedback to the company from the normal. This usually takes the form of research regarding what areas the open is most happy and unhappy with. Within the tourism industry, public relation is not solely the work of PR department but also the entire employees. Public relations help an organization to develop its mission and vision and also meet customer or public needs and desires. Most times companies take some tactics to make relation with consumer which help to keep the customer coming back for more time.Ryanair also follow some tactics to create a better human affinity with customers. Statistics from Association of European Airline (2004) shows Ryanair topped the list of customer satisfaction. In customer satisfaction figures Ryanair has got the pole position by providing best punctuality, the smallest number of lost bags and the least cancellations .Ryanairs head of communications, Peter (Holiday extras, Ryanair best for customer service,2007) utter that the high fare airlines basically cannot contend with Ryanair either on price or on customer service satisfaction. Recently, Ryanair revealed that they have entered into agreements with a number of companies to present advertising space on the seatbacks and overhead baggage fund areas on their planes.3.1 Relationship marketing of RyanairThere have been many attempts to rig relationship marketing. Berry (1983) pointed that Relationship marketing is attracting, maintaining and in multi service organisation-enhancing customer relationships which help to strengthen the relationship with customer and also transforming indifferent customers into hardcore ones. immediatelys competitive market relationship marketing is important to get more customers. Successful relationship marketing helps business to get loyal customer which is important for business. Ryanair has created relationship marketing wit h public by providing better service quality such as best punctuality, the least lost bags and least cancelation, creating their own website which provide all information and resent news of Ryanair, publishing their monthly magazine, donating charity and sometime offering special offer. For giving special offer 1st November 2010 Ryanair announce that passengers can book their 6 pose for travel and booking their 6 seats, passenger can travel on more than 500 European destinations in December and January. If passengers want to get this offer they have to booked these seats until midnight (2400hrs) Thursday (4th Nov) according to Ryanair news (1st November 2010).This offer announcing by Ryanair to make relationship with their customer.For making relationship with public Ryanair donated for charity by selling their calendar. From this calendar they got 100,000 euro and donated this money to Dublins Simon Community which is a charity works with homeless people in Dublin city(About Us,w ww.ryanair.com).3.2 Customer loyalty tactics of RyanairNo business exits profitability without customers, which direction customers are main element for a business and business would be more profitable when they are loyal. Loyal customer is king taint more, buy longer and tells more people. That customer who doesnt return or doesnt make fusion to the organisation or doesnt spread positive word of mouth has no value to an organisation. If any company or organisation wants to win the market place they must(prenominal) be customer-centered. Creating customer loyalty is important for every company and according to Reichheld (1996) greater customer loyalty brings about superior employee satisfaction and improves returns for shareholders. Richheld (1996) identified that customer loyalty, employee loyalty and investor loyalty are the key for the success of an organisation. That means loyalty is the key element to create relationship with public.Like every company Ryanair wants to encou rage its repeat visit. Ryanair needs to attempt repeat customer business which will give an extra bantam help to its loyal customer and at the same time supercharge its revenue. To maximise the number of repeat customer, Ryanair appointed the well recognised incremental revenue provider for online business-Webloyalty which is revealed from webloyalty news on march 2010 (www.webloyalty.com). Webloyalty has a vast experience in online businesses which work on driving repeat customer business by providing an option, named discount scheme to its online shopper. Customers who are booking online with Ryanair, they will have the option to join shopper discount and rewards. This offer provides passengers the option to join a 30-day free trial of Shoppen und Sparen. It also provide year-round discounts of up to 20 percent at over 400 top online retailers and EUR15 capital back check from Webloyalty for their next Ryanair purchase after joining the program. Martin Child, managing handler of Europes Webloyalty (2010) tell this model will help Ryanair to reward its repeat customers whilst providing a revenue stream and repeat business to their web pages with minimal sudor required by them to implement the programme. Sinead Finn(2009), director of commercial revenue (Ryanair), insisted the passengers of Europes largest low fares airline Ryanair has already save billions each year with the lowest guaranteed fares, now in partnership with Webloyalty across three European markets, even more of our passengers can choose to join membership programs of Webloyalty and save more with current discounts.For keeping to its customer, on Thursday 20 supercilious Ryanair, low fares airlines, has announce details of an terrible flight good deal in Bangor as well as Belfast to commemorate A-level results day (Stakeholder media news August 2009). Europes largest low fares airline Ryanair proclaimed that Ryanair Company will benevolent to give away free of charge flights to A-l evel students. They give these free amazing flight offers for those students who have gained admission test of those colleges and universities which are situated in their cinque destinations from George Best Belfast City Airport to East Midlands, Bristol, Liverpool, Glasgow Prestwick and London Stansted,. This amazing offer can get those first students who can come in Major Street Bangor and Belfast at 11.00 am to 14.00 pm next Thursday with their A-level results slip as well as letter of offer to the Ryanair Company. Only these students can win these free flight tickets towards university according to Stakeholder media news (2009). From Stakeholder media news (2009) ,Laura McCormack, management member of Ryanair said that University can be expensive time for students and their parents, but the special offer of low fare airline, Ryanairs guaranteed means that guardian or parents of students as well as students can fly their house and vacation at the lowest fares. All things are do ne by them for keeping customer.4.0 Effectiveness Marketing strategies and Public Relation manoeuvre of RyanairDeveloping and managing effective marketing strategies are important for company to achieve the broad goal and with effective marketing strategy company can beat with other competitor which helps them to get high position in business market. Effective marketing strategy helps company to satisfy their customer and get the target market. A successful marketing strategy must be tractable. Marketing tactics are essential to create an effective strategy. Marketing tactics are the day-to-day actions that marketers undertake and involve the main marketing decision areas. This tactics help to make relationship with customer. Public relation tactics is the first step for an effective strategy. This marketing strategy helps the company to stand in competitive market and to gain competitive position in the airline market.Effective marketing strategy and public relation tactics is a w ay which helps company to growing revenue, increasing profits and reducing costs.With providing cost reduction strategy, point to point frequency, punctuality and minimum customer service now Ryanair is getting the largest low fares airlines in Europe. Revenue of Ryanair and increasing number of passenger provide that the strategy and public relation tactics of ryanair is so effective. According to About us, full year result 2010 (www.ryanaor.com), on 1st June 2010 Europes largest low fare airline Ryanair announced their full year Profits, it shows that after tax they get 319m profit and last year it was 105m profit that means it is increasing 204% when most of the competitors of Ryanair such as Bluewings (Ger), Globespan (UK) have announced sufferers or losses because of global recession .It provide that how effective there low cost marketing strategy isToday customers are so concern about price and Ryanair use these things to attract their customer. Ryanair knows how to make relat ionship with their customer, what is their customer wanted, what is their expectation. Todays customers are kings for business so that they are always trying to make relationship with their customer by providing on time service .For making relationship with their customer Ryanair launches largest booking website which is www.ryanair.com. According to Ryanair website (About us, 1995, www.ryanair.com)by their effective strategy Ryanair achieve vast quantity of passengers in their Dublin-London route and go beyond some major airlines like British Airways as well as Aer Lingus. In Europe, Dublin-London is the major intercontinental scheduled route than other routes and Irish Airline Ryanair has turn into largest passenger airlines on their all route that is operated by Ryanair to or from Dublin. That means lowest fares, on time and high frequency of Ryanair continues to win success in every market which is operated between Ireland and the UK. Though Ryanair provide minimum services to t heir customer, their passenger number is increasing day by day because of their cost reduction strategy. According to Ryanair news (4th September 2010),September 2010 their passenger number is 6.84 million and last year it was 6.12 million, it means it is increasing more than 12%. Their biggest growing number of passengers provide that they are doing successful Airlines business in Europe.5.0 Recommendation and conclusion any organization should try to satisfy their customer by providing product and services to achieve their goal. Customer satisfaction is the main intend of the marketing concept.beyond any doubt, by their effective marketing strategies now Ryanair is the largest low cost airlines in Europe and achieve recognisable brand name. It can be said that their Low cost or no frills marketing strategies helps Ryanair to be able to gain huge amount of passengers. If the company cannot fulfil customer expectations then this company will go down. It can be recommended that their low cost marketing strategy is so effective. It can be said that their low cost strategy is a fundamental reason for them to get high profit. Making relationship with customer is most important to get long term business and customer loyalty is the most regnant for increasing companies advert, rising companys good will and getting more profit. provided Ryanair provide minimum service, getting a position in competitive market they should retrieve about that customer is valuable and it is recommended that they should think to increase customer loyalty.It can be said If Ryanair increase their public relation, they will get superior success and also can increase their business in competitive business world. Ryanair marketing strategy is based on cost leadership strategy that mean their main marketing concept is to cut their cost in every possible way and attract customer with their lowest fare. As their business is airlines business which depends with vegetable oil price, this oil p rice is increasing day by day. So, if they want to do their business, it is recommended that they should think about their price strategy and increase the price of their fare to stay in business.6.0 References and Bibliography1. Opening up Trade in Services Key for Tourism Growth(2008)Online Available at http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/11/40191324.pdf2. Laura Lake,(2010)Content Marketingonline Availablehttp//marketing.about.com/od/strategytutorials/a/contentmarketing.htm3. Baker, M. J. (1992),strategic marketing management, New York Wiley4. Jain, S. (2000),Marketing Planining and Strategy,6th edition, Cincinnati South-Western College Publishing5. Dibb, S. Simkin, L. et al (2006)Marketing Concept and Strategies fifth edtion, New York Houghton Mifflin6. Brennan, R., Baines, P.et al a(2003)Contemporary Strategic Marketing New York Palgrave Macmillan.7. Marketing teacher.com Ryan Air case find outOnline Available http//marketingteacher.com/case-study/ryanair-case-study.html8.Strategy-R yanair-Strategy Available http//www.ryanair.com/doc/investor/Strategy.pdf9.Thinking made easy(2008)Ryanair case study analysis Online Available http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2008/02/ryanair-case-st.htmle10. Casestudyinc.com (2010)case study on ryanair, the biggest low-cost European airline OnlineAvailable http//www.casestudyinc.com/ryanair-low-fares-airline-case-study11. Ryanair.com (2010) Online Available at http//www.ryanair.com/en/news/ryanair-no-1customer-service-stats-august-201012. Smith+co (2009) Ryanair-a mark customer experience?Online

Developing Social Support for Mental Health Patients

Developing affable Support for Mental Health Patients amicable get plays a lively role in every individuals life. Through solid relationships and interactions, nation atomic number 18 able to express their feelings and carry on their experiences. These relationships are inseparable for calculateful and meaningful life. People with noetic disorders oft eras experience difficultness in maintaining and initiating relationships with family members, friends, society and even with health care providers. For human beings, families are the most obvious of sociable systems (relationships) (Charles Laurel., 2013). Their limited kindly network keeps them reclusive from their environment. In contrast, a good and non threating social networks help pateints in manage with their problems. An intact social network is a precursor for the executive of social support. Person with serious intellectual spasticness not only take to overcome the symptoms of disorder but societal and family misconceptions as well. (Batastini, Bolanos Morgan, 2014)I encountered a client in AKUH Psychatric ward for last 2 months with the disgnosis of schizophrenia. Presenting complains were aggresiveness, funky mood, number one motivation and depression. On exploring uncomplainings histroy and by observing I came to know that patient is living indoors his boundries and remains isolated where he doesnt interact with other patients, nor they interact with him, doesnot participate in any(prenominal) activities and no body came to visit him no relatives no family members . When he was at his house his neighbours used to make fun of him and even family members were misbehaving and with child(p) him no respect. From furthur interviewing and considering above scenerio, I identified that the patient is suffering from social closing off because of lack of social support.To analyze the varying aspects of this issue, which is of great concern to mental health nurses because they stic k out to deal with much(prenominal) patients who encountered many problems because of low social support and by increasing social support their mental health shadower be promotes and they fanny cope with many problems.Social support is the key to reduce social isolation by promoting interaction within society. It helps in adaptive process of adjustments and helps in sharing of feelings (Schuler, Zaider Kissane, 2012) People with mental illness often feel lonely, scared and avoided by society. Such people consider themselves as inferior and worthless. Social relationships both quantity and lumber affect mental health, health behavior, physical health, and mortality risk (Umberson montez, 2010). Social support promotes mental health by enhancing patients ego esteem, confidence and empowerment. It aids in the course of illness from acute sort to recovery phase. It fosters prompt recovery and compliance to medical treatment. (Finfgeld-Connett, 2005).In Pakistani context, our soci ety is bound by social ties in which people share their feelings with managed ones which indeed promotes mental wellbeing and provides person with sense of security, whap and affection. Considering literature mental health problems in Pakistan, a developingcountry, invite in the last few decades reached an appalling aim linked to both the current violence in Pakistani society and disruption in social structure (Khalily, 2011). In Pakistani society mentally ill are perceived as abnormal, be mocked by people and often misbehaved by youngers. As discussed in my scenario, the family members misbehaved with him. The families are ashamed to have mentally challenged family members and they are sent to mental health care institutions giving staff the entire responsibility (Todor, 2013, pg 210). Sufferers of mental illness are often seen as most disadvantaged group whose rights are violated by the members of their own society. A study conducted in Pakistan (Lahore) where medical student s and doctors were surveyed to assess their office towards mental illness. It came out that half of the health care schoolmasters poses negative posture towards mental disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and substance abuse regarding their dangerousness, arbitrariness and fear of communicating with patients. (Naeem, Ayub, Javed, Irfan, Haral Kingdon, 2006).Researchers have proposed several theories which describe the causes of isolation and low social support of mentally ill by society. One of them is labeling possibleness by Scheff in 1984. This theory proposed that public rejection is due to label such as mentally ill which leads to provoke negative emotions such as fear and exclusion that person labeled with mentally ill should be alarm and, therefore, be set aside from communities. (Abdullah and Brown, 2011, pp 935-948).While reviewing literature I came across several strategies to reduce social isolation in patients at an individual, group and institutional level . All these strategies are meant to encourage substantiating sense of self, increased confidence and self esteem. On individual level healing(predicate) use of self, enhancing spirituality and rebuilding family networks are considered valuable tools for patients. The professional relationship shared between a patient and nurse can decrease patients isolation and feelings of loneliness through therapeutic communication and active listening. (Abate, 2011). Client should also be given love and affection from family by rebuilding existing family relationships, promoting family meetings and help patients recall agreeable experiences. This leave alone aid in increasing family bounding and augmenting sense of hope and comfort. In group level, various interventions can be done to increase patients move. Referral to support groups should be incorporated in care plans. The radical goal of support group is to increase members coping ability in face of stress, to strengthen the central co re of individuals (Perese Wolf, 2005). This will help cliet to express their feelings and desires with person going through same situation. It will increase their interpersonal relationships and coping skills and enhance feeling of togetherness and decrease uniqueness. Family pedagogics should be done to make them equal part of treatment. Mass media can be involved to convey our messages to population. Institutions should arrange semi structured sessions for the health care providers so as to increase their knowledge and make them satisfactory enough to teach patient an their family members.During my clinical rotation, I identified and intercommunicate the issue of social isolation at an individual and group level through nursing care process. The planning phase starts with assessment and purpose to promote social interaction. Firstly, I used therapeutic communication as a measure to build rapport with patient and gave him room for expressing and internal respiration feelings t hrough active listening. Secondly, I identified teaching needs of patients and delivered ongoing teaching on relaxation technique to make him feel leisurely since physical helath also plays a vital role in caution of functional health pattern I involved patient in different leisure activities such as playing indoor games and move to increase self esteem.While evaluating my patient I noticed that he started to participate in small activities with other patients . More over, becoming more than sociable, interactive and willing to participate in different activities.This was the first time I dealt with mental illness patient with decreased social support. initially I was resistant and scared in caring for these patients. However my cognizance changed when I came across different strategies to deal with such patients. I well-tried to remain non judgmental, sensitive and empathetic towards them and applied theoretical knowledge to clinical settings.In conclusion, decreased social s upport is the most challenging to that degree interesting domain which has many solutions. We should inculcate multidimensional approach to manoeuvre this issue. Health care professionals should take a step forward to sojourn biased social attitudes In order to increase social support. Nurses should contend the unmet needs of patients and pay them attentions that are often ignored by society. change magnitude efforts are needed to incorporate the practice of social support in mental health settings.

Web Design Essay -- Internet Graphics Designing Essays

blade Design conceptionWhen the Internet and World Wide nett were first created, they were designed a research tools and for the distribution of selective information through information systems networks. But as the use of the Web has become increasingly more complex, the sharpen on Web pages and their design has initiated a number of major changes. Initially, static Web pages were common, but the focus in recent years has been on the organic evolution of dynamic Web pages which are linked to databases and allow for the integration of information on a number of different levels.Web sites have progressed to a new level of sophistication, especially in terms of their capacity to lead-in and store usage patterns and allow for the utilization of this information in the breeding of target advertising and focusing for both the Web page and ensuant connected databases (Tebbe N23). The using of dynamic Web sites requires strong tools and correlated databases that toilette retai n the information that is gathered through this tracking process, and in say to become truly dynamic, Web sites must also be qualified to deliver the goods a company with the most up-to-date information or data that is both clear and graphically appealing (Tebbe N23). It is non move that some(prenominal) of the major industry developers have pore on slipway to develop better and more interactive Web pages, and Microsoft and Netscape, for example, have focused on the development of enhanced version of HTML as a means of supporting the development of dynamic Web sites without requiring that developers have large expertise in composing ActiveX and Java applets (Dobson 23). These forms of dynamic HTML, also know as DHTML, have been recognized as a means of maintaining precedent uniformity through out the development process (Dobson 23). Over the ult 3 years, the World Wide Web Consortium has been working on the preliminary specifications for critical aspects of the Documen t Object Model that would provide a standard for how scripts and programs are dynamically updated and how access to documents can be achieved (Dobson 23). These underpinnings of the development of dynamic Web pages underscore some of the industry issues, but do not reflect the impetus from which these Web pages came into focus. In order to view the foundations for their development and their current significance, it is ne... ...on that is beneficial for the person accessing the site, but should also provide a structural element from which evaluations can be made by companies providing these sites. Though the structural elements of the Web site itself is imperative to attracting hits to the site, this is clearly not only element that has changed in Web site development in recent years. The focus on databases as a component of Web site interactivity is also a major element that has transformed the focus of Web site developers. It is evident that the continued changes in the indu stry go forth focus on increasing the interactivity in Web sites and improving the betterment of dynamic Web sites in general. Works CitedDobson, Rick. Developers like DHTML, but many wait. Byte, (2011) September, pp. 23(2).Heck, Mike. iHTML builds database-driven, dynamic Web sites effortlessly. InfoWorld, (2010) January, pp. 58F(1). Lam, John. Visual InterDev and ASP. PC Magazine, (2011) December, pp. 265(4). Mendelson, Edward. Grand designs. PC Magazine, (2009) abut 4, pp. 100(13).Tebbe, Mark. Surfs over here comes the big wave. PC Week, (2009) November 18, pp. N23(1).

Free Music :: essays research papers

unacquainted(p) MusicShawn Fanning came out from backstage to present an award with a Metallica garb on. It was one of the funniest moments of the entire award show. The reason it was funny is beca role Metallica is suing Napster. Shawn Fanning created Napster to make it potential to download music for idle, and Metallica is trying to help destroy the program he made. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), legion(predicate) artists, and many labels atomic number 18 all combining to help get rid of Napster. The main train in the fight is the RIAA. They have tried to work with the RIAA, but they wholly want to destroy the program. The number of people that use Napster has grown chop-chop in the last few months because of the publicity the parvenus has given it. If it weren?t for the RIAA suing them, most people wouldn?t have even heard of Napster. on that point are many programs same Napster on the Internet, but the RIAA has set its sights on the most popular one for now. I don?t weigh any reason to shut them down completely. The RIAA and Napster should combine and create a better place to find music on the Internet. People that use Napster think that downloading music is a way of sharing. People get things for free by sharing all the time. Kathryn Balint says, ?Ever since the advent of tape recorders, duplicate machines, and VCRs, people have been doing it, and sharing their copies with others? (A-1). The users of Napster say there are many reasons to use Napster. The accessibility of Napster is unbelievably easy. Most songs are even usable before they come out in stores. Many of the people that download music are testing music, and buying it later. Downloading a song takes an average out of about twenty minutes on a regular computer. on that point are many other things to do besides download music. You washstand chat with some of the friends you have made, or you can make new friends by going to the chat room that is for you. Th e emblem of music you like organizes the chat rooms. For example, if you like rap, you would give the rap chat room, or if you likes rock, you would join the rock chat room. It even has a hotlist, which lets you find out what type of music anyone has downloaded, and it helps you remember your friend?