Education in Egypt

preparation in EgyptEgypt Education SystemThe extension of the freehanded mandatory knowledge law in 1981 was one of the reasons to combine the Preparatory Stage, both Primary and Preparatory phases (Ages 6 through 14) together under the label Basic Education, as upbringing beyond this stage depends on the scholarly persons ability. Egypt operates two corresponding upbringing collections the blasphemous establishment and the religious, or Al-Azhar system.The sacrilegious system consists of basic genteelness which covers the freshman 8 eight years of give instructioning. The mo level divides school-age childs between deuce-ace-year full general pedantic unessential schools and three or five-year vocational schools, as at that place atomic emergence 18 three different types of secondary breeding which be general, proficient, and vocational skilful rearing. These types of training argon provided in three-year and five-year programs, and include schools in t hree different fields industrial, commercial and agricultural. The third level is universities.The Al-Azhar system, which maintains separate facilities for male person and female from primary to university level, enrolls 4 pct of the countrys agree students, and is trustworthy for conveying the mission of Islam and revealing its contribution to humanitys welf ar and progress. In this system, primary school extends over the first 6 years, and preparatory school for the next three years. Students who successfully complete 4 years of secondary school can enroll at Al-Azhar University.2 Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be the bastion of Moslem knowledge in Egypt, was founded in AD 970. in that location are two kinds of politics schools in Egypt which are Arabic Schools and observational Language Schools. Arabic Schools provide the organisational national curriculum in the Arabic Language however, experimental Language Schools teach approximately of the government curri culum in English, and add French as a second foreign speech.Moreover, there are three kinds of mystic schools. As presidential term schools, private schools also has different types such as ordinary schools, language schools, and religious schools. First, Ordinary schools oblige the said(prenominal) way of program line of the government schools with more concentration on the students want and services provided to them. Second, language schools have the same educational materials as the government with the exception that entirely those materials are taught in different languages this is beside the high fees those schools requires.The third type of private education is religious that are established or controlled by Muslim Br another(prenominal)hood. Their educational curriculum is totally unlike the government and Azhar schools. Private schools on Egypt are considered the best education because of high and various facilities offered by those schools. This educational system i s supervises by the ministry of educationHowever, the Azhar education system is supervised by the arbitrary Council of the Al-Azhar Institution and considered to be independent from the Ministry of Education, but is eventually under command by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Azhar schools are named Institutes and also cope the same phases as the normal educational system which both include primary, preparatory, and secondary education.The Azhar schools in all phases teach non-religious subjects, to a certain degree however, the absolute majority of the curriculum consists of religious subjects. All the students are Muslims, and males and females are separated in all phases. The Azhar schools are spread all over the country, but too in rural areas. The graduates of the Azhar secondary schools are pensionable to continue their studies precisely at the Al-Azhar University. In the early 2000s, the Azhar schools accounted for less than 4% of the total enrollment. at that place ar e both private and national universities of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education in Egypt. The difference between them is that Public higher education is free in Egypt, and Egyptian students only pay registration fees, but Private education is much more expensive and is considered to b for the elite, as graduates of such schools more often than not do very well on their final secondary school examinations, which ensures them access to what are considered as elite faculties.Currently 98 percent of graduates from secondary schools enter higher education. The higher education sector in Egypt is comprised of universities and institutions of technical and professional g agencying. The system is made up of 12 public universities, 51public non-university institutions, and 4 private (for profit) universities.In May 2000, there were 18 unfinished applications to open additional private for profit higher education institutions. Of the 51 non-university institutions, 47 are two-year m iddle technical institutes (MTI), and 4 are four or five-year higher technical institutes (World Bank, 20001).The major public universities are Cairo University (100,000 students), Alexandria University, Ain Shams University, and the 1,000-year-old Al-Azhar University. While the American University in Cairo, the German University in Cairo and the Universit Franaise dgypte is of the leading private universities in Egypt.Entry into the secular university system is based on the passs of the Secondary Educational phase. According to the member Egypt, only students attending general academic secondary schools were eligible to enroll however since 1970 universities have been enrolling some students from vocational schools. The Placement Bureau of the Ministry of high Education controls admission, and there is a numerous clauses imposed by the exacting Council of Universities (SCU) on admission at institutional and state levels.Al-Azhar University system, unlike other systems, require s certain certificates like a Secondary School Certificate from the Al-Azhar education system and a Certificate of ledger Recitation from a Koran Recitation Institute or hold an Al-Azhar diploma.Non-university education is offered by industrial, commercial, and technical institutes which provide 2-year courses leading to diplomas in accountancy, secretarial work, insurance, computer or health sciences and electronics. Technical education schools provide 5-year courses leading to advanced technical education diplomas in commercial, industrial, and agricultural fields.Although the American University in Cairo (AUC) has existed since 1919 as a private university, Egypt only lawfulized Egyptian private universities in 1992 when the multitudes Assembly passed a Law 101 al scummying the establishment of private universities. The most(prenominal) essential consideration is that the Minister for Education must approve the fitting of private university, as presidents, and non-Egyptian s cannot occupy leading positions in private universities with let out the ministrys approval.The second vital aspect is that the Supreme Council of Universities indirectly supervises private universities and is trustworthy for monitoring standards to ensure that graduation certificates from state and private universities represent an adequate education level compared with the governmental certificates. In May 2002, the private universities perpetration was replaced with the private universities council. The council has the same powers as the Supreme Council of Universities, which regulates public universities.Many People assume that private higher education institutions in Egypt are s institutions that sell degrees to those who can afford the university expanses. Critics of private higher education in Egypt also argue that private higher education is at betting odds with the principles of the 1952 Revolution, which called for equal access to educational opportunities for all cit izens.Egypt is considered the country that has the largest higher education systems in the third world as it contains about 1.670 million students. Egypt relies in its education on two-year technical institutes to continue providing access to all secondary school graduates while protecting the already overfed universities. Technical institutes enroll 40 percent of all secondary school graduates.This omit of financial, human, and material resources results in poor quality education in most universities and is considered by many people as non academic institution. The number of higher education students per 100,000 inhabitants is 1,900 in Egypt compared to 1,132 in Morocco 1,236 in Algeria and 1,253 in Tunisia. Studies on the loving class and educational backgrounds of state university students have revealed inequalities of access to what are considered as high status/elite faculties.To improve the educational system in Egypt governance and control of higher education should be obta ined by the Ministry of high Education, the Supreme Council of Universities (SCU), and the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes.The Ministry of Higher Education has a legal authority over higher education by supervising and dogmatic the education, planning, policy make, and quality control on primary and preparatory schools and training for basic education for teachers.The Supreme Council of Universities formulates is the one responsible for policy making and deciding or controlling the number of students to be admitted to each capacity in each university.Moreover, supervision and administration of the Al-Azhar higher education system is the responsibility of the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes, which is a division of the Supreme Council of Al-Azhar that is responsible for the development of the general policy and planning to enable the spread of Islamic culture and Arabic language.In official discourse, education in Egypt is free from basic to higher edu cation. While officially the state is responsible for backing higher education in Egypt, the states share of higher education finance for universities was reduced to 85 percent in 1994-1995, going the universities to generate the remaining 15 percent through various tax income variegation strategies.Sanyal (199816), and the World Bank (200040-41) identify the following revenue diversification strategies adopted by Egyptian universities(a) Charging nominal information fees for alternative academic programs that are perceived to be of high quality and introducing other pertinent fees. For example, state universities have introduced foreign language programs for which they charge tuition. Some public universities charge E1,000 as tuition for a degree program in Commerce which uses English as a medium of instruction. The number of applicants in some degree programs in public universities exceeds available spaces, a phenomenon which gives room for universities to charge tuition. Whi le the tuition charged in this case is electrostatic only about 33 percent of the actual cost of the program, this arrangement sets a precedent towards cost recovery in public institutions (World Bank, 200240).Also, in recent years, a new system of admission to the faculties of Law, Commerce, and Arts allows a less qualified student to obtain a place on paying an admission fee of E 360 (Sanyal, op cit). The impact of this practice on the quality has been negative as manifested by a high number of repeating students in universities.Egyptian students pay between E30-E150 per year as a token tuition fee in government funded universities. In addition, they also pay necessary equipment, books, transportation, and residence fees. The practice of charging token tuition fees in Egyptian public universities goes as far back as 1924 when the Egyptian University (now Cairo University) started charging E30 per year for all faculties with the exception of the pharmacology department that charge d E20 per year. This university also imposed a non-refundable examination fee of E1.16 study fee in private universities range fromE15,000-25,000. The American University in Cairo-the oldest private university in Egypt, charges a tuition fee of US$ 2,813 for 6 credit and US$ 469 for each additional credit.(b) Income generation by specialized university centers from(1) Cooperation with fabrication(2) Patent rights(3) Provision of continuing education to industrial employees(4) Access to lab and scientific equipment(5) Manufacturing intermediate industrial productsIn addition, In 1998, the International finance Corporation (IFC) conducted an extensive feasibility study on the market for student loans in post-secondary education in Egypt. This study recommended against launching a student loan program due to the following reasons (a) limited market size of it (b) underdeveloped debt/credit market (c) cultural attitude uncomfortable with individualized debt and loans and (d) lack o f a consumer credit agency(World Bank, 2000 op cit 41).As a result of the above recommendations, the Egyptian Government by 2000 was planning to establish a E100 million-loan program for strikey university students. Under this proposed loan scheme, students who can prove that they are in need of financial assistance for education-related expenses will be eligible to receive up to E1000 per year in government loans. The loans are to be interest free and repayment will be spread out over a period of 40 years after graduation.Problems and challenges in Egyptian higher education system are analyzed in the World Banks Higher Education Enhancement Project, which is a part of a comprehensive reform strategy for higher education in Egypt. The higher education reform agenda was influenced by the subject area Conference on Higher Education, held in February 2000, and aims to address Egypts need to upgrade educational quality in the university sector.Egyptian higher education sector faces a number of challenges including (i) antiquated system-wide governance and management (ii) low quality and relevancy at the university level (iii) low quality and relevance at the middle technical level and (iv) limited fiscal sustainability of publicly financed enrollments (World Bank, 20001).The problem of financially weak enrollments is related to the outstanding increase in enrollments in university education. For example, enrollments increased by 42 percent between 1997/98 and 1998/99 leading to an 8 percent decline in per -student using up that exacerbated disparities in resource allocation between faculties (World Bank,200241).While the overall disbursal on education as a proportion of GDP has braggart(a) from 3.9 percent in 1991 to 5.9 percent in 1998 with higher education receiving a 28 percent share of total expenditure in 1998, the dramatic growth of the higher education student population in Egypt creats a serious problem in financing higher education. Given the high p opulation growth in higher education, to simply maintain the share of 18-22 age group at its present 20 percent level (this is an official policy) would require on average an additional 60,000 new enrollments in higher education for the next ten years (WorldBank, 20002). The government has no financial ability to do this.