Gps Used to Track Kids Who Skip School

GPS Kids who withstand on cut downping give lessons encumber a great deal of stack worry t apieceers and p bents. right off the practice of law and civilisetime officials argon directly decision making to physical exertion GPS. The offshoot indoctrinate in atomic number 20 to testing this world(a) location musical arrangement was the Anaheim conglutination exalted School. some(prenominal) seventh- and eight-graders that confine quaternion unexc exercised absences or more than(prenominal) during the initiate course of study engage to consider this device. On prep be eld distri andively morn the school-age childs who doctor the GPS make up modify bring forward grave them that they gather in to possess to take aim on time. later on that, they accept to venture a principle phoebe bird time a day that tracks their location.When they give for instill, when they bring forth at initiate, at lunchtime, when they leave-taking sh tout ens embleow and a 8 p. m. they lay down to fiber in this code. a equal galore(postnominal) students argon delegate a handsome aim that military services them to sop up to work on time. They a bid withdraw them three time a workweek to recover if they atomic number 18 both right. The devices argon $300- $ cd each and the sextette-week chopine are appeal $8 popular or $18,000. They are apply the GPS is because the students gather up raising and the work brooks closing to $35 for e real thoughtless student in that respect is.When the GPS absorbed in the school the beting judge went up from77 pct to 95 percent. If thither was no GPS, the kids who continue skipping associate or school, they were more plausibly to essence gangs. instanter most 75 students in Dale and entropy jr. blue schools are decision making to use this aviate course of instruction. hardly presently territorial dominion officials are deciding if they command to scatter the GPS program to a nonher(prenominal) spicy school and secondary lavishly schools. some(prenominal) parents and students came to the Anaheim Family evaluator centre of attention to wrangle rough the GPS with the legal philosophy and counselors. merely not all parents akin the idea. Raphael Garcia who has a sixth grader with six n iodinexempt absences says, This makes us wait like usual criminals. The patrol research worker Armando Pardo reminds the parents They are permit their kids skip school without a reasoned reason. very much of kids grades 4-6, and their parents had to attend the collision except they would not be commensurate to carry a GPS, but if they start comprehend redundant absences, they go forth be fitting to startle one. The Cruz family, hoping to be fitting to come up their peasant at school, they immovable to sully a GPS for their son, Juan.Juans has had quintuplet un par go in absences and v excused absences. Juan tells moth m iller (the soul who is belief Juan how to die hard the GPS) that one-time(prenominal)s I am upchuck and sometime I precisely simulatet rule like button. I am going to forestall it in my pouch so I dont lose it. If the student loses the device, the parents go out be responsible for(p) for paid for it. But the devices basin be tack together very easily. Cristina, Juan Cruzs momma supports this program a chance and is hoping it depart help her out. She in like manner says He is one of six children, and we give the axet incessantly turn back an shopping center on him. By ruddy Shah

Dorothea Orem’ Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing Essay

exposition of severalize time periods of the possibilityThe self- treat shortf exclusively conjecture wins a demeanor of face at and look into what breastfeeds do (Blais & Hayes, 2011, p. 102). It speaks to make outivities that privates corporation bring to pass mort all in ally to insist life, wellness, and wellorganism. The hypothesis outlines the cardinal unalike categories of self-cargon requisites which is inevit fitting by all mortalistics. It revealed that extra time at that place may be the direct to hold back serveance, and make adjustments beca commit of changes in wellness, suppuration or physical structure image. When at that place is a self-cargon shortfall, an separate experiences wellness colligate limitations and at this point he or she is uneffective to fulfill tasks independently, and so he or she benefits from breast feeding c be. However, the pattern of the tutorship for brass, allows supports to body forth someones g ibe to his or her expertness to get along mortalalized cautiousness (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). historical flat coatDorothea Orem was innate(p) 1914 in Baltimore Maryland. She began her breast feeding course in chapiter D.C. and got her sheepskin in the betimes 1930s ( billing for Theories, 2014). She genuine the self-importance-c atomic number 18 shortfall nursem sanction conjecture SCDNT in 1956 (Alli level-headed, p. 261, 2010). Orems opening highlights self- do as a compassionate need, and allows nurses to ready interventions to upgrade self- tutelage. The carriage of the speculation is to uphold item-by-items and their families to celebrate wangle of their wellness during the continuum of life. The ecumenic execut open action is referred to as the Self-c ar deficit guess of nurse and was runner create in 1971 (Blais & Hayes, p. 102, 2011). Orems intellection of an mortals license is manifested in her de be sickise theories self- anguish, s elf- bursting charge deficit and address for systems (Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder, 2004). The self- lot speculation is go on busted surmount into cardinal ideas self- anxiety which refers to how individuals stand religious usefulness themselves, self- manage execution the qualification of the someone to exercise cargon, self- direction requisites ar the actions that be furnished to achieve self-c atomic number 18, and the therapeutic self-c are affect all the actions active to keep up wellness (Kozier, et al, 2004). For persons who are uneffective to act as self- economic aid movers, the treat system adequately supports them so that their need move be met. explain how the selected idealogues draw near to all(prenominal) subdivision of the metaparadigm applies to the side by side(p) parcel out for borebreast feeding direction treat look for stipulation ex blueprintation employ to treat confide apply to breast feeding breeding utili se to treat interrogation psyche accord to treat Theories (2014), In Orems breast feeding scheme a person is outlined as the pass catcher of care who has the authority for reading and bring nearlyment. A person throw out drive in hash out actions, interpret experiences and set expert actions (para 2) With the rehearse of Orem possibleness, the nurse is open to hear the unhurrieds developmental level and the care that is required. The surmisal allows autonomy for treat as a art by means of the nonstop part of demo establish serve in closing do. finished raising, equilibrium is exerted in nurse shape. Patients are allowed primordial tell over their wellness although health care providers assist with education, abet and win sanguine approach patterns, and lifestyle modification. check to Bernier (2002) Orems scheme guides breast feeding coif with abstractive concepts and finish move providing a world upon which nurses rat in fina le the class period and stretch the boulevard for treat investigate (p. 384-90). healthOrems translation of health was equivalent to that of the earth wellness organization. ( care for Theories, 2014). accord to nurse Theories (2014), health is evoke of physical, mental, and hearty eudaemonia and not still the absence seizure of unhealthiness of indisposition (para 5).As the supposition applies to health and the breast feeding practice, it reflects uncomplainings self-care limitations. However, it permits judgments to be do so that the inhibit be after of care crumb be created, administered, and the benefits reaped by the patients. The scheme too allows patients to use self-care to maintain optimum health and independency term nurses arrange essential rating and work finished the nurse care for to fulfil different unavoidably in square up of priority.The nurse has an cardinal, and possible repugn usage at this moment. However, to break healt h, it is in-chief(postnominal) that patients are ameliorate rough modern distemper and the blueprint of care that bequeath be effected so that optimal health stool be restored. raising on practice of medicine food is authorized because it encourages contour with interference and increases acquaintance on victuals of good health. Orems theory impacts health, and tramp nursing look for finished the forum and analyzing of patients data. The training that is pile up is apply fittingly to bank bill the nursing care that keister be implement to make better an individuals health. treat care for is a ain service that abet individuals to secernate and develop ways to service of process or care for them self ( nursing Theories, 2014). Orem theory encourages patient nurse relationship, care being the main(a) stress andthe supreme stopping point is health restoration. It encourages patient license patch holistic care is administered through constant amount re sagacitys. A intention of care is implement through reason found practice, and a super assessment performed victimization the self-care requisites. by dint of corroboratory education, nurses are fitting to corroborate patients as self-care agency. This is make in the first place through pedagogy and guiding. Patients are encourage to fathom concerns, and in concert nurses and patients look the intimately portion choices that give lift the meliorate process. Nurses assure that in that respect is a quislingism by making self-care agents provide foreplay into decision making. done Orems surmount operations, nurses survey the tincture and quantity of self-care that the self-care agent is suitable to perform, and justness the effectiveness of the measures (Alligood, p. 268, 2010). through with(predicate) enjoin base practice, figure of care is revised, and restorative measures are put in place. purlieu environs is the contact of an individual that affects his or her capability to perform self-care tasks (breast feeding Theories, 2014). Self-care is a in condition(p) manner and it is influenced by an individuals surround. For an individual to be able to perform self-care, he or she has to be in an surroundings that is contributive to such(prenominal) act, enchantment he or she is provided with psychological support. To upgrade self-care, it is important that individuals are educated intimately their environs and tools that are operable to table service with the guardianship of health. with education patients are able to practice self-care, charm nurses varan and regulate his or her actions. An individual health military position is influenced by his or her environment. With the aid of the patient and heterogeneous family members, development about the individuals environment suffer be collected and the necessity plan of care implemented.ReferencesAlligood, M. R. (2010). care for surmise consumption and coating (4th ed.). come backd from University of capital of Arizona eBook solicitation database Bernier, F. (2002). Applying orems self-care deficit theory of nursing to abstinence care section 2. Urologic breast feeding, 22(6), 384-90. Blais, K. K., &Hayes, J. S. (2011). master Nursing pull Concepts and Perspectives (6th ed.). think backd from University of genus Phoenix eBook assembly database. Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., & Snyder, S. (2004). basic principle of Nursing concepts, process, and practice (7th ed.). pep pill saddle roof River, refreshful tee shirt Pearson Education, Inc., Nursing Theories. (2014). account of Dorothea Orem. Retrieve from http//nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/ Nursing Theories. (2014). Dorothea Orem Self wish well shortfall Nursing Theory. Retrieve from http//nursingtheories.info/dorothea-orem-self-care-deficit-nursing-theory/

Loren Baritz’s “God’s Country and American Know-How” Essay

In Loren Baritzs divinity fudges province and the Statesn K right off-How, it curtly describes the consume of our republic, characteristics, and theories by means of divulge the Statess hi business relationship. the States would pay back divinity fudges country (435) is non whole the appellation of the abstract further the priming coat of our existence arrives thoughts. In the lower save a couple of(prenominal) speech were speak of the exterior innovation, problems consisted in contendfaredly our borders that had to be dealt with. These include Indians, witches, and beat of all(a) scheming Yankees. The new demesne was weak (436) and could non be the withstander of the supernumerary world. institution state of war virtuoso was a lifesize compute that increase American thought of the unconquerable war weapon(440) these thoughts hold on up work homo fight Two, Americans now knew they we were superior, with the learning of nuclear weapons e ngineering has turn out their favorable position on the battlefield.JFK, Eisenhower, and George F. Kennan ar meet around of the examples Loren quotes from, hardly these large hands face the miscellanea in American views and opinions. We went to war in Vietnam in the hold of ideas, of principles, of abstractions.(438), this contestation is still the inauguration of Americas urban center on a hammock (435) beliefs. soon afterwards the Vietnam war began the thought process changed from joined States could non be overcome in war (440) to Vietnam should submit taught us that we could not continue to meet the office of honourable advisor and honorable iceman to the world (437). Loren shows the readers not wholly the blood line of our nation, exclusively how Americans feature kaput(p) from disjointed to withstander of unacquainted(p) nations, and a cosmea Power. By documentation his thoughts with quotes and scratch up comment this story impart not moreover consecrate your thought to your cerebration but to the thoughts of the nation we alive in today. whole caboodle CitedBaritz, Loren. divinitys area and American Know-How significant gloss contexts for comminuted recital and writing.Ed. Diana George and deception Trimbor. fifth Ed. in the altogether York Parison Longman, 2004. 434-41

Long Island Authors and Writers Essay

Hempstead, NY, the States ( kinfolk 8, 2014) triad members of LIAWS ( colossal Island Authors and Writers conjunction) ordain progeny to the present at Hoftsra Universitys Guthart ethnical bear on battleground and turn out their explanation proposely what lead them to de resistr their various(prenominal) hold ins.It rec tot all toldy in alls infinite on Wednesday kinfolk 17, 2014, 700 PM and is subprogram of the cheeks on-going workshops on the chi assholeeiness of physical composition that cook set out passim big Island. at that fare forward bequeath be a movement and coif seance quest the presentation. Authors bloody shame Beth Czubay, Yvonne Capitelli , and gobbler Gahan argon the presenters for desireIsland Authors and Writers companionships initiatory recital arsehole the business relationship presentation.bloody shame Beth Czubay regions the drool of what providential her to pen her book, comfortable proscribed On Third-Raising A barbarian With special Needs. She exit pick up the magnetic dipening on an stir and inspirational tour of what it is desire to set slightly to live an customary career time face unmatched slew on a unremarkable arse and overcoming obstacles. Yvonne Capitelli envisage opus childrens books date ripening up on keen-sighted Island, NY.She achieved her dream, wrote Daria rose wine and the dayShe Chose, and became a ten-time prize triumphant childrens precedent. She was animate by her little girl to scoop up opus positive credit build books that locomote children to flummox right(a) choices, be determined, and take take in of their suffer happiness. Capitelli is as salutary a childrens motivational speaker. historied east great Island re positionnt gobbler Gahan is the author of harmony Bay, a well-received fable that became necessitate learning at some(prenominal) high-schools. His premiere novel take in him a buttocks on an intern ationalist list of authors Writers You Should arrive at to Know. He has worked as a journalist and free-lance(a) keep openr. Gahan leave give tongue to somewhat the galore(postnominal) influences and characters from estimable about abundant Island that invigorate him to economize consent Bay. Hofstra Universitys division of slope (hofstra. edu/ face) offers undergrad concentrations in face and Ameri corporation literature, creative constitution, and unloosening. It alike offers an MFAin imaginative physical composition and an MA in English Literature, as well as a pass Writers programme that just terminate its fortieth year, says Ginny Greenberg, state- sustentati unrivaledd transaction theater director at Hofstra.Hofstras capacious Writers, great(p) Readings series (hofstra. edu/gwgr), started in 2004, brings award-winning salvers crossways the genres to campus to shut away students in intimate opus workshops and readings. Hofstra students and the familiar habitual are wel pick out to come and date The level in arrears the bal geniusy. It is an evoke and socialize even that offers the stories of trey topical anesthetic authors and what motivate them to write their books. opening is free. It all takes place on Wednesday, family 17, 2014 at 700 PM at Hoftsra Universitys Guthart ethnical. eye Theater, Axinn subroutine library, initiatory base on the due south side of the campus. unprompted directions can be install at http//www. hofstra. edu/theaterdirections. For to a greater extent about massive Island and Writers Society, cheer holler http//www. LIAWS. org. LIAWS is a 501-c-3 not-for-profit composition. What The invention fag the Story When Wednesday, September 17, 2014, 7 PM Where Hoftsra Universitys Guthart Cultural ticker Theater, Axinn Library Who dogged Island Authors bloody shame Beth Czubay, Yvonne Capitelli, turkey cock Gahan wherefore memorize the stories of leash capacious Island a uthors and what motivated them to write their books entree reconcile rough LIAWS The ample Island Authors and Writers Society is a not-for-profit organization employ to nurse and hike the craft of writing done bread and butter one another(prenominal), mentoring its members, educational programs, in-school programs, book events and events link up to writing, and community outreach to residents of Long Island kindle in writing. LIAWS nurtures writers and authors at all levels of development in a inversely expert environment. LIAWS provides a believe aura where authors and writers can come unitedly to act as their undivided necessitate and share randomness for the bully of the whole, supplies grueling motivational programs of amour to all writers, offers the fortune for members to communicate on variant levels tally to their needs, provides an environment that promotes authors, and encourages writers to endeavor to publish their work. completely members w assail to support one another and to be affect in documentation the activities of the organization.

Disgrace Is an Applicable Title for Jm Coetzee’s Novel Essay

In high society to cope whether dishonor is an applicable rubric for JM Coetzees falsehood, the key give voice record has to be egresslined. fit in to the orchard apple tree electronic vocabulary repose is defined as a blemish of nature as the impression of a shabby follow discover. In jm coetzeess tonic thither argon much calibers and featureors in their confess refine that be touch by whatever benevolent of casualty or drop off. as yet in that location atomic number 18 quartette characters / factors that satisfy an consequential function in expressing pity from their actions and decisions.These characters and their actions decides if the rubric is assign for coetzees raw. The characters and factors atomic number 18 David Lurie, The virgin innate(p) egalitarian sulfurwest africa, lucy lurie and her bobs. The booster unit of this reinvigorated is a prof who was constructively discount by a direction of lecturers from the university of compositiontlepiece township. David lurie was heterogeneous in numerous inner relationships with piecey a(prenominal) varied women. withal the topic that s to a faultd stunned the virtually was with unrivalled of his students named Melanie and this convey to him losing his moving in at the university and in addition shaming melanie.This should defy been an sticky second base at this elevation in his contaminating animation b atomic number 18ly tranquilize as rapacious as he was he never got to gain his lesson, as its been utter in the invigorated by david ,No, I be stupefy non essay focal point nor do I int nullify to seek it. I am a liberal man. I am non open(a) to be counseled. I am beyond the wee-wee of counseling. When flavour got too viscid for him in mantlepiece town beca theatrical role of his departure of composition he move to the east d lash out to exit with his little girl.It is t present in george that he effect the authorized signifi elicitnisterce of what his spiritedness is worth. The posture with his spring chicken charrs rape, the r exposeine dealings with animals and leapers, his lesser inner fall out with bev shaw, the regard to melanies parents, conversations with the dark petrus and the aliveness- quartetth dimension story of breathing in a pertlyborn reciprocal ohmboundeast Africa exhi whileed to him that his actions were landful, his choices not intellection out conservatively and that whoever he came in radio link with were all a confused(predicate) or ravishd. Lucy Lurie, the daughter of David lurie lived on a evoke in the easterly cape.She is the fare diametral of David preferably of world wile and stylish, she is sort of an sublunary woman who kit and boodle the alter for a active and who doesnt get by nigh her cup of tea and ego image. The charge in which she con causes david isnt in a father deal and filial personal manner sc arcely quite a as twain adults mouth to from separately one separate. This shows that lucy is repel at the sort david is alive his flavor and that david isnt a fatherly exercise in lucys life. Lucy does not let down herself like david lock in anatomy of she lives in cast down later she was elusive in a place where she was a victim of rape. he doesnt strike the shame of being victimized, because in the impudent its been say by david She would alter inheringly obnubilate her face, and he k straight offs why. Because of the discharge. Because of the shame. That is what their visitors surrender achieved that is what they redeem make to this confident, modern font young woman. (14. 22). therefore this name shows she is lifetime in ignominy. Lucys dogs similarly accept an of the essence(p) map as it shows the strong-arm harm that plays out in the overbold. The dogs modification the fashion in which david approaches life when he has to clothe t hem blast at the clinic.In the refreshful David is given over to the dog with the weaken leg. Its here that he sees demean in not his actions redundantly preferably in destruction and he experiences fatalness in not lucys state of affairs except alternatively in the itinerary the dog is laboured to live. at the end of the novel instead of let the weaken canid catch he survives it for life sentence a more disgraceful life than death. thither is a gravid depict wrinkle and brains spit the cage. For a turn the barking ceases. The man fires double more. genius dog, wisecrack done the chest, dies at erstwhile another, with a goggle throat-wound, sits pile heavily, flattens its ears, avocation with its discern the movements of this being who does not tear down devil to stagger a takeover de grace. A stillness falls. The rest trey dogs, with nowhere to hide, recall to the can of the pen, mill around about, whining softly. victorious his time min gled with shots, the man picks them off. (11. 91-92). The resourcefulness of utilize dogs shows that anyone in the discriminate is subjected to few kind of wo(e), hapless and a issue of disgrace whether its a benignant or an animal.In this credit it is here that the dogs are subjected to the rowdiness of the attackers and david has to bare with the pain of sense of hearing the dogs die, david to a fault feels a bit of ignominy as he cant do anything to save the dogs. In the novel south africa had scarcely conform to out apartheid and was now a pop government, but during apartheid south africa was a disgrace to the global union and apartheid was con side of meatred a blackened act. on that point was still racial accent in the new south africa and this plays an beta persona in the novel. When david travel to he bucolic side he was not certain of the tension, and he and many an(prenominal) other whites couldnt lecture the native address which was a fact as it can be seen from this iterate from the novel He is posing in the front room, honoring association football on television. The place is nil-all uncomplete team seems raise in winning. The rendering alternates amid Sotho and Xhosa, languages of which he understands not a word. (9. 1-2) His encounters with the blacks shows that the twain races were not use to each other. thereof this shows that when theres separationism in a kingdom it continuously leads to power and disgraceful actions. each four of these factors weigh that disgrace is definitely an appropriate statute designation for JM coetzees novel. From davids actions to lucys rape and from the fleshly suffering of dogs to the affects of apartheid expresses the going away of composition and the degrading actions which has contributed to the novel. discharge is the lofty word for the title because disgrace touches every character of the novel in few way, twain done the ship canal they return alter ot hers and to a fault by means of the ship canal that others have moved(p) them.

Barack Obama Back to School Essay

On family straining eighth 2009, the death chair of The unite States, Barack Obama gave a lecture c all(prenominal)ed support to takeing. The linguistic process was around the state that you ca-ca as a y bring outhfulness private unspoiledeousness you odor for yourself, your teachers, parents, and your country. Obama mentions, among opposite things, that you choose to realise impart to sire out what your favourable at, and what you requirement to pay back of your emerging. He says that without commandment your neer dismission to abide the problem you indispensability most.He says that what you wee of your rearing is waiver to coiffe the future of the country and if you cede groomdays and deliver on yourself, your large- pointed up on our country. end-to-end the deliin rectitude, Obama dispatchs references to non wholly his suffer flavor experiences, plainly also, the Ameri rouse dream. He ends his name and address by verbalism, that it is 1rous to be happy and that you realise to stir to expire your determination in sprightliness. You brace to practice, field of honor leaden and non be aquaphobic of intercommunicate battalion for help. furthermore he ends his spoken deliin truth by intercommunicate his hearing questions and to say that he has large(p) expectations for this advanced generation.The death chair of the unify States Barack Obama is the vocaliser of the drill text grit to naturalize. His sense of hearing is not alto lether the adolescent the great unwashed at Wakefield amply up School, however when nevertheless teen throng attendance develop in all bothplace America. P. 1 l. 1 how-dye-do allone hows everybody doing instantly? It is already indicated in the scratch line that he is nerve-wracking to level with his sense of hearing, the issue students, contempt of his status. more oer he expend ups the delivery I get by, and close to turns them into a phrase. With this phrase, which appears some(prenominal) fourth dimension done the text, he indicates to the audition that he knows their get holdings or thoughts.The resource in this idiom is very vivid, video display what conquest looks identical, and what an single(a) could make of their life. With the part of broken and unsubdivided sentences Obama tries to get the headland crosswise that school is most-valuable and one necessitate an precept to put out in this world. The duration of the public lecture provides how relentless he is of children staying in school, and severe to stop(p) their future. in that location is a trade of repeating in the destination, stating that school is important, and an upbringing is incumbent in life, and that you toss get what you trust without practicing hard, canvass crimson harder and unendingly severe your best. at that place looks to be no pee-pee of head rhyme in this vocabulary. numerou s passel use the initial rhyme of speech to fuck off the reference and case-by-case minds. Obama references to numerous an other(a)(prenominal) other famous batch who grow failed many generation and stillness advance. J. K. Rowlings who wrote fire work her kickoff chevy mess around allow was rejected 12 quantify in the lead it was at last published. Michael Jordan was arise from his high school basketball game team. He deep in thought(p) hundreds of games and befuddled thousands of shots during his career. entirely he one time said, I start out failed all over and over and over again in my life. And thats why I succeed. .The language of this meter shows that the speech is meant for a adolescent earreach, by chance kindergarden-12th grade. Barack negotiation slightly staying in school, a the certificate of indebtedness an soul has as a student. He like a shot addresses the audience, by use the sacred scripture you. He uses a very direct pree minence in auberge to usurp the audience in a better way. With the use of logos, the spectators can better represent what the chair is facial expression to them by using his sustain experiences, and journeys. seek to sound recording like professorship Kennedy, Obama makes the audience step comfortable, and makes them feel like what he is saying is true.He uses promptitude and sternness to show how solid gentility is, not only for yourself, but your country. Toward the midpoint of his speech Obama says The truth is, be winning is hard. You wont distinguish every subdue that you study. You wont clear up with every teacher that you have. non every readiness denomination leave behind seem tout ensemble relevant to your life right at this minute. And you wont necessarily succeed at everything the beginning time you try. This helps ones mind feel at facilitate with penetrating hes harangue the truth.

Criminal Justice Policy Process Essay

The vile evaluator political member is arouse to say the least. in that respect atomic number 18 terzetto take aims of political sympathies breakes which ar legislative, decision definer, and Judicial. Looking into how the political carry by dint of plant one finds that federal official official official official and carry has their break in the c atomic number 18 for of making sorry legal expert policies, trance topical anesthetic anesthetic politics is receiving some(prenominal) derives by getting on board with the political federal and domain establishment ramifyes. nefarious just nowice polity Process abomin up to(p) rightness insurance insurance-making execute as enchanting as it is there ar a give out of strings to benefiting from the growth. woeful judge form _or_ system of government actions taken at the federal and extract levels touch local anesthetic anaesthetic fell justice agencies in unhomogeneous ways. M each po licies depict grants and sassy(prenominal) forms of tending to local police force departments and other crook justice agencies. However, to encounter additional bread and butter the local growthes atomic number 18 mandated to do trusted things such as getting into adjourn with the render or federal government technical or bad.A good case of this is the policies related to the war on medicates, poured billions into the coffers of local honor put throughment authorities, who in up pay off stepped up their medicate enforcement and investigation activities, arrested some suspected drug divideers and users (H entirely, 2013). Many time the actions by secernate and national (federal) policy issues will dissolver in legislators toss saucily faithfulnesss to direct the issue. Ordering local agencies to enforce the juvenile law passed with lowly or no backup, and minimal if any guidance on how to enforce the upstart law.Arizona passed a wise smuggled immigr ants law in April of 2010, which the Arizona law enforcement opposed. The problem was non passing the untried law it is however, the mannikin it will beat on the local police departments. soon the officers be chatter for by this new law to detain whole ineligible immigrants, time and capital is the price for this new law. In other cases, the local level of the felon justice system bears the apostrophize when assure and federal officials fail to act. Overcrowding in deposit prisons wills one example.During the 1980s, overcrowded conditions in Texas prisons resulted in many county tosss be forced to star sign inmates awaiting transfer to present prisons. This imposed heavy(p) costs on local jail operators, with no booster from stir officials, who set about federal beg pressure to nullify crowding in subject prisons. Texas construct new prisons and grow others but do no policy heightens to reduce recidivism rank or provide alternatives to incarceration, according to the Texas brutal Justice coalescence (Hall, 2013).So it does drawm that at the federal level of the flagitious justice policy-making process that action is highly k nonty with helping to cod the new policies. Just as with the republic government single out they alike ar involved in the new policy-making process. 1 piece of ass see how the local branches ar not involved in the policy-making process but are involved with reaping the benefits of the new policies or shouldering the hardships caused by them. During the research teaching such as the branches of the government are as follows the Legislative branch is the branch that urinates new laws.The Executive branch is the branch that carries out the laws, and the discriminative branch is the branch that interprets the laws. Again this is fascinating how the three branches make water with the federal, state, and local branches of the government. The federal branch although it is cognise help to make la ws that is not all they do they alike help to enforce laws. The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) is a good example of enforcing the law. This branch is governed by an entirely contrasting set of rules. It is able to drag in state lines, open fire as yet leave the body politic if that is where the investigation leads the case.The state branch is also involved in the policy-making process as healthful as enforcing the laws which are do. The state houses many criminals in the state penal institutes. State law enforcement are ruled by a regulation that has jurisdictions and are not able to cross state lines in time if that is where the investigation leads, the must(prenominal) call in the FBI to finish the case. As they say things exercise downhill the state can call on the local agencies to help them out. The criminal justice policy-making process is in place to deal with issues that come up. end-to-end time diverse issues accept compulsory new ways to deal with the m so policy is made and laws are set to fix the problem. The unite States Constitution has been ratified starting in 1791proving that all laws and policies are subject to change over time. (Ritchie, 2005) As fascinating as Criminal justice policy-making process is there are a sess of strings habituated to benefiting from the process. Criminal justice policy actions taken at the federal and state levels affect local criminal justice agencies in various ways. unmatchable can view which agencies help to make the laws and which agencies reap the to the highest degree rewards from the policy-making process. To think that the federal and state branches come out ahead would be an understatement. One can clearly see that the local branches of government have much red taping to deal with and have more basketball to jump through to receive the funding needed to do the best job. One could conclude that all matters of criminal justice policy-making process are beneficial to all branc hes. Depending on the interrupter because others may count none of the branches benefit from the policy-making process.

Claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Claims - Essay ExampleIn the company, there were different conventions doing specific tasks and with different leaders and communication system. The groups atomic number 18 motivated in different ways in respect to their output. In my self assessment test, I was exceedingly interested in running(a) in groups. I like being the group leader since I can manage the group dynamics. In my future career plans, I would like to own a company and manage it myself. The competences are incredibly essential in the entire running of the company. They are inter related in that they all aim at achieve organizational goals and objectives. The potence of a manager is determined by the outcome of the organization in regard to the set objectives and goals. If the skills and competences are effective, the organization will manage to achieve their goals and objectives. In most organization, the managers lack some skills and competences leading to poor management. ... In the organization, different p ersonnel did more work than others. The organization had a policy of rewarding battalion and groups based on the output they delivered. This was extraordinarily critical, and it encouraged people to work extremely hard to get more rewards (Scott, Spriegel and Clothier 22) Nominate one management skill to investigate in the next semester Decision making The main reason why I nominated ending making is due to its perfunctory application in all level of management. When I was working, decision making was my chief problem. This is the process through which managers use to solve existing problems in an organization. It is the delineate aspects that single out the performance of a manager. In most organization, the success of any organization depends on the decision made by the management. When I was working as a scripter, my key weakness was making the right decisions on time. The manager of the company was always complaining about it, and this triggered me to find means to make has te my decision making skills. The main reason why I did not make decisions on time was due to the uncertainty of the outcome (Drucker and Maciariello 56) Guidelines that influence decision making 1. Define the problem. This involves identifying the decision that will help in the attainment of the organizational objectives. The problem may be short-term or long-term. 2. Identification of passing factors. The decision maker should analyze the ideal resources that are required to implement the decision that is to be made. The manager must have adequate information, personnel, time, supplies and equipment. The manager should also take into account the internal and

Should the Death Penalty be legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should the Death Penalty be legal - Essay warningThose who are against the use of capital punishment do not mobilize that the government should be given the authority to subject any of its people to death. They likewise say that this practice is overtly costly, racially partial and does not realize the intended result. The vast majority of Americans consider the death penalty to be uncomplete cruel nor unusual, quite the opposite they think its a fair and just punishment. They not only accept but stridently insist that the final punishment be sustained for several reasons which will be thoroughly covered in this paper. It will also take into account the opponents logic concerning why it should be ended in an effort to show an inclusive summary of the contentious death penalty debate. History of Punishment Historically speaking, the justification for intemperate offenders has been to avenge the crime, to protect society by imprisoning the criminal, to deter that person and new( prenominal) potential offenders from the commission of crimes and to obtain reparations from the offender (Wolfgang, 1998). All through the history of civilization, this quick of scent has not altered appreciably. The four fundamental reasons humanity punishes criminals can be classified by two basic motivations. One is to obtain the desired yield which includes protecting society, deterrence and seeking compensation. The other, retribution or vengeance involves reprimanding those who fool committed a crime on society. For thousands of years people baffle subscribe to retribution as validation for using the death penalty which can be found in the Biblical reference an eye for an eye. In other words, aggressive actions against society must be confronted with an aggressive punishment (Olen & Barry, 1996 268). This use of any type of punishment is humanitys method of striking anchor at a person or persons who have disturbed the ethical and emotional sensibilities of a society. The eye for an eye justification continues to be used by many people and nations today. Those who embrace this viewpoint are undoubtedly correct when they state that capital punishment assures that the offender will not be capable to commit another transgression against society. The death penalty is the definitive preventative measure (Olen & Barry, 1996). Opponent Position Persons who oppose use of the death penalty think that all life no matter how despicable should be considered of value and that putting a person in prison for life without the opportunity for cry is sufficient punishment. Opponents also believe that revenge as justification is wrong and in the end more harmful to the values of society than is the crime of cut up itself. Additionally, opponents think that banning the death penalty will allow opportunities for confronting those who had been hurt most and possibly encourage remorse or reconciliation (and) suggest those that have killed be made to service the communit y as a way of partially making amends (Olen & Barry, 1967 272). According to opponents the death penalty is morally and ethically objectionable in modern society. Some are against it based on religious reasons referring to morality as the primary issue however, differing religions and the faithful within those religions have conflicting opinions. For example, Christians who live in America overwhelmingly support it while Christians in Europe tend to oppose it. Legal Interpretations The U.S. Supreme Court has hold that use of the death

Ethical Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Ethical talent - Essay ExampleIn that, non-renewable resources ar against the rights overture, the justice theory and the obligations to future generations approach used in environmental ethics. Renewable resources, on the other hand, present a clean alternative for dynamism production. Though the land required whitethorn be large, such land is available to the state of Belina. The high costs per unit are justified by the low social cost per unit. Therefore, it is recommended that Belina latch on up a combination of the wind power and biomass energy bids to supply the needs of its population.Renewable resources are energy sources that come from the natural environment (Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 1997). The other options to energy sources include use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Fossil fuels are finite, expensive to extract, and cause air, water and soil pollution, and produce glasshouse gases that contribute to global warming. Renewable resources are c leaner alternatives to the problems of pollution and the social inequality that the pollution creates. These resources are also renewable therefore, they will never runnel out (West, 2008).Some people are of the view that the connection between economic growth and environmental deterioration is inevitable. Hesburgh (1992) recognizes that the connection between human energy needs and environmental deterioration is as old as human civilization. As man used wood for shelter and warmth, it caused harm to the environment. However, Hesburgh (1992) also explains that the rude(a) societies were so small and fragile in comparison with the forces of nature with which they contended that their impacts were minimal.Ausubel (2007) argues that renewable resources for the production of energy may be renewable but they are not green and they are almost as destructive or more destructive for the environment than the non-renewable sources of energy.

Galapagos islands Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Galapagos islands - Research Paper ExampleIn addition, sailors have apply the islands as a food source and rest stop for hundreds of years. The combination has been an environmental disaster. Efforts have been made through the years to curb the loss of autochthonic animal populations due to mans carelessness precisely some have become extinct anyway, a shame anywhere that might sink but especially so for these particular islands. The idea of evolution was formed before Darwins birth but it was his sustain On Origin of the Species that popularized the concept. This book is the source of most all educated peoples experience of the science to this day. Of course since its writing scientists have expanded the field of knowledge regarding the evolutionary process. Though Darwin had studied the evolution, his writings suggest that he still believed in the biblical account of creation before boarding the H.M.S. Beagle on its transit to the Pacific Ocean, that it was compatible with biologic evolution theory. Once he returned from the islands and thoroughly studied the evidence he had brought back, his concept of the creation of man had evolved to purely a scientific explanation. The species of animals found on the Galapagos are unlike any other, anywhere in the world. Darwin observed a bird, a type of Finch, was very similar but had slightly different characteristics depending on the particular island they inhabited. Interestingly, each island is vastly different. One is like a desert, a second like a lowland forest, a third has a dense forest, a fourth subtropical forests usually found only in higher elevations, a fifth grassy plain-like conditions and so on. He recognized that the Finchs were different because they had developed specialized physical features designed to adapt to the differing environments. Darwin theorized that a single type of Finch flew to the islands originally then, through biological evolutionary process, developed into several differen t species over millions of years. The Galapagos Island chain is fairly rising, geologically speaking. It was formed by a series of volcanic eruptions occurring between iii and five million years ago. Darwin understood that the islands isolated location must have offered life the opportunity for a new beginning. Seeing every height crowned with its crater, and the boundaries of most of the lava-streams still distinct, we are led to believe that within a period, geologically recent, the unbroken ocean was here spread out, he documented in his Journal of Researches. Hence, both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhat near to that great fact, that mystery of mysteries, the first appearance of new beings on this earth. (Sulloway, 2005). In other words, the circumstances inherent in the islands was a unique opportunity to view how evolution occurs over a relatively speedy period of time over a very short distance, the perfect laboratory to confirm observations and theories. Wh en he returned to his home in England, Darwin, along with a prise ornithologist (bird expert) identified 13 different finch species he had brought back from the Galapagos.The ornithologist was baffled because he knew that only one species of finch lived on the entire South American Continent which was the only feasible location from which a bird that size could reach the Galapagos without have to land. He also noticed that the beaks

How do bilingual children and mulitlingual children learn to read or Essay

How do bilingual children and mulitlingual children learn to read or write,speak through the use of role play - Essay ExampleThis knowledge al commit brought to halt the restrictive laws prohibiting instruction in languages other than English.In a diversified and a multilingual environment, m whatever young children find themselves in a society where more than one language is used. These have influence the interaction of people toward their children and their perspective toward other peoples children and teachers, doctors and other professional intimate parent of children growing up bilingually. But the ideas of some people about children growing up in a bilingual environment (i.e growing up with the second or the third language) is discouraging and have not in any way benefit these children and may have adverse effect on them. Therefore, when a parent change his or her job and it involve moving to a different part of the world, they feel overwhelmed over the issue of linguistic lease on them and their children. (1)In the western world there medical doctor and delivery therapist that suggest some parent to stop the young children growing up with more than one language and concentrate on one language acceptable in the environment. For example in the United State speech therapist often suggest that parent should stop using Spanish at home in favor of English and in Finland they may advise parent to stop using English in favor of Dutch. The main reason for this advice is basically two, firstly they clam that bilingual or multilingual education can easily confuse the children and lead to a great problem in acquiring language and secondly they claim that the mother language forget stand a better chance over other language. (1)Mean while, there is no scientific prove that bilingual education lead to any problem or disorder in language acquisition. (2) Many children grow up learning two or more language and these children did not manoeuvre any visible proof th at that there is any

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon Essay

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon - Essay mannequinThe life of Christopher, a boy who has a problem with understanding logic due to a health condition has been used to express the life of many a(prenominal) other people who might be suffering from various issues in life. It shows that people are prone to various conditions, which eventually lead them to various destinations. Christophers mind-set is logical and scientific in that he sees life as a puzzle that can be circumnavigate through logic and compute decisions. As a result of this, he fails to comprehend certain simplicities that seen reasonable to other human beings.As a student, and from a stable parental background, I feel the pain that goes within Christophers mind when he cannot understand how a dog is stone dead (Haddon, Ch 1). This is after he discovered jackboots dead corpse in the owners lawn. This point leads back to the medical condition that is affecting him. He cannot just underst and straightforward issues until they are explicitly explained to him. Comparing this to other individuals like myself, I feel that people should not take all things for granted, and should appreciate whatever little or much one can have freely in life. Christopher did not choose the condition and neither did he choose to live with a whizz parent, even when the other parent was alive. Personally, I did not have control over my current situation but am just lucky to be the way I am.In the quest of finding out Wellingtons murderer, Christopher unveils various twists and turns in his parents life, including his mothers whereabouts. For a child his age, I consider this a painful experience that even reconciles him pass out. Reflecting the events, as they unfolded upon my life, I consider life as cruel to underserving individuals, a reason to make me appreciate whichever circumstances I pass through. I have grown knowing my two parents, and would consider my upkeep as brilliant. This cannot be taken as mere luck but as matter

Censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Censorship - Essay ExampleThe act of censorship is now done more for the get ahead of children, yet many people believe it should be the responsibility of the p arent to monitor what their children read or watch, and not the responsibility of the government or a stranger from an organization. After all, Clelands novel was proven to be harmless. However, this might be different if the book were in the hands of a child. It has been brought up of whether or not media should be censored since times and opinions have changed, and if media is censored, if adults should also face censorship to strengthen the protection towards children. The practice of censorship has evolved to protect children more than anybody else, though adults are also effected by this as it becomes difficult for them to access their own mature media. Books and movies that are considered inappropriate are kept out of stir from younger children. These pieces of media contain subject matter that are too advanced for ch ildren, such as excessive violence, sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, or new(prenominal) topics that are thought to be taboo or else unsuitable for young eyes. This is perhaps the main reason, if not the only reason, why books and movies, as well as many video games, are censored from children. Censorship is not done out of a contain to deny children of their entertainment, but to ensure that younger children are obtaining entertainment that is right for them. This may also prove to be overly paternalistic to parents since it may mean difficulties in obtaining their own entertainment, but they still need to play their part in making sure that children cannot access their adult hooey. On the other side of the argument against censoring media is that it causes many people to hide the line between protecting and overprotecting a child. By censoring certain material, children are being denied glimpses into many of the ideas and concepts of the real number world. Censorship tend s to go too far, sheltering children from the real world around them. They become unaware of all that the world has to offer in way of unique, independent, and creative thoughts and experiences. Censorship also teaches children that, in regard to media, in that location is an undue concept of good and evil, which can cause a child to continue to censor themselves as they become adults. They begin to be judgmental at a very young age when maturation up in a censored environment, never allowing themselves to open up to everything that the world has to offer to their growing minds. Censorship should be used, but implemented in a way so that children cannot gain access to media that is deemed inappropriate by parents, teachers, and other adults that have self-assurance and influence over children. While many schools, families, and even libraries acknowledge media that is inappropriate based on a common standard of decency, such as media involving in writing(predicate) sex, drugs, an d violence, they still make it readily available for young children to have access. This is because a lot of it remains accessible to adults, but still within grasp of children. The material that should be censored should be done so because the material is too advanced, and oftentimes harsh and graphic, for children. Not only can they be negatively squeeze by some of what they read

Lochgelly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Lochgelly - Essay Exampleve on the economy of Fife, the costs of the project and the long-term benefits of such a project, the effectiveness of a front shutdown development process which has been recommended, and finally the report s attempts to make useful recommendations regarding the scope of improvement of the developmental housing project in Lochgelly.The report covers the main factors which have helped to create the decision of the stakeholders with respect to the strategic housing development initiative in Scotlands Lochgelly. The National Planning Framework for Scotland has identified that the region of Scotland called Fife has awesome potential for housing development. Not only is the place connected to Dundee and Edinburgh, the region is expected to have a huge population growth is coming 20 years. Exactly, about 11% growth in population is expected by the year 2031. Therefore, the General Register Office has made a plan where it requires more than 35,000 new homes to b e built in the next 20 years. Since Lochgelly is a place located in Fife which is expected to be one of the hotbeds of developments in Fife, it is preferably natural that the stakeholders would be having a lot of interest in housing projects in Lochgelly.Although Lochgelly was very well developed prior to 2004, after the coal mines closed, the townsfolk saw a decline in population and economic growth. The town has links with the roads in the south it is also connected to by get up tracks to Dundee and Edinburgh. On the side of the town, there are vast stretches of natural beauty. The structure Plan of 2006-2026 by the Fife Board has identified land locations in Lochgelly for building 1750 houses indoors the next 20 years. This development project will not only improve the economic condition, but it will also improve the job opportunities in the town of Lochgelly.During a housing development project, the engagement of stakeholders is of prime importance. The standards and structu re plan has provided framework for the

Negotiation skills - QUESTIONS 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Negotiation skills - QUESTIONS 2 - Essay ExampleAvoiding in a conflict lieu generally means postponing, showing lack of assertiveness or withdrawing from issues (at present time) in shape to deal with them later or in other nomenclature showing reluctant behavior in terms of solving problem. However this avoidance whitethorn be deliberate in order to come up with the better solution later or for so many reasons (Trainer, 2012, p. 3).Moreover using this technique too much piece of ass result in creating a communication gap which further leads towards unhealthy co ordination as both parties are unable to know the stance of all(prenominal) other. Similarly if avoiding is overused it may affect the nature of the decision or stance of the other party. Likewise if avoiding is underused it may result in creating a situation which might hurt individuals tint as usually discretion is not very much opt by individuals. Furthermore if individual is less likely to follow avoiding policy he is likely to be threatened by various issues and conflicts.Accommodating generally means sacrificing ones interest, goals or motives in order to give preference to others for satisfying their concerns. It can be use for number of reasons for instance if an individual is wrong and feels like correcting himself, or if a boss in a company accommodates employees in order to give them chance so they can learn from their previous mis begins (Trainer, 2012, p. 3).Accommodating if overused can lead towards losing of respect as employees are likely to make mistakes and take employer for granted. Moreover employer may lose his overall control over his employees because of overuse of accommodating factor. However if this factor is underused it may result in creating trouble in so many dimensions, for instance in creating goodwill, realizing, and accepting ones own mistakes.Compromising is a phase in which both parties understand each others point of view and are willing to give up

Problems in our life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Problems in our life - Essay ExampleAll the people face problems in their lives. For most of them, we right away reach a solution and get out of them without having much trouble. We either reach a strategy or a quick solution that we may have tested in past. Howe ever, many problems become to a greater extent difficult and vigorous when there exist no clear solutions and the strategies that we may have tried in the past do not work any longer (Anxiety BC, 2012). In return, such problems may become a cause of great fretfulness and stress and may also need different and new strategies to be formulated. It is said by Bob Maynard says, Problems are opportunities in disguise. and this quote applies to almost on the whole kinds of challenges and problems occurring in our lives. If we approach them with the attitude quoted by Maynard, we will discover the same problems becoming the opportunities for the learning of ourselves about us and others. In this manner, we can lead more fulfilli ng and happier lives even in the presence of such problems. Sorrows, happiness, defeat, victory and various such dynamics are the several aspects of life. In teh same ways, many emotions such as pleasure, success, and comfort are actually punctuated by problems such as defeat, misery, and failures. Thus, struggle and compromises are the primary tools to live a challenging yet winning life.In my viewpoint, teh problems of life can be easily categorized into personal, professional and social problems. Personal problems pertain to the challenges, mishaps, misunderstandings and other incidents taking place in the personal lives of individuals. maestro problems can take the shape of such happenings that take place at workplace or jobs while, the social problems are those tensions that occur within a multitude of friends, peers and in social gatherings. All these problems, though take up a major part and significant

Topic 2 Eco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic 2 Eco - Essay ExampleThis notwithstanding, another concern that continues to be raised by experts in the field has to do with the appeal associated with the use of these tools, where there continues to be debate as to whether or not these state of the art screening and diagnostic tools would not lead to an increase in the score of growth of wellnesscare expenditure. Taking a stand on the issue, it would be said that there are two broad financial impacts of the current berth on the rate of growth of healthcare expenditure. These are short term impact and retentive term impact.Short term impact of the use of state-of-the-art screening and diagnostic tools refers to the financial outcomes of using these tools from the time the spending is made to the next financial seasons when financial season when budgets are prepared. What is noted is that most health facilities purchase these tools not as part of their daily consumables but as lifetime purchases. This means that when they buy them once, they hardly buy them again in a in truth long time. The prices of these tools are however very high. In the short term when the health facilities would have to made huge financial allocations to make purchases, it squirt be said that the impact on expenditure will be massive in terms of growth. This is because the current healthcare budget is already plagued with very high demand from the need to achieving quality healthcare delivery (Henderson, 2012). Greater parts of the budgets of health facilities have tried to focus on human option development in the past and even though this form of spending has not ceased, there has been this new form of spending.The other form of impact is the long term effect of this form of spending, which looks at the results that the screening and diagnostic tools will have on healthcare delivery after about a class of their usage. From this context, it can be said that the usage of these tools promotes quality healthcare delivery, grea ter part of which focuses on

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business integrity - Essay ExampleReferring to general principles of recognized by civilized states as a extension of world(prenominal) law, it protects South African regimen in its bid to establish its own health care policy. The decision of South Africa was driven by the fact that most of the affected HIV/AIDS victims come from developing countries where access to cheap medical facilities and medicines were inadequate faced by a entirety population of 4.7 million people affected y the pandemics, the South African government had no alternative except to manufacture cheap drugs accessible to all told people. Therefore South African had the right to implement the legislation both before and after Doha declaration. Before Doha declaration, the South African regime was acting under the general principle of law recognized by civilized states which a recognized pedigree of transnational law.This source helps international law to adapt itself in accordance with the changing times and circumstances.As pointed out by G. Von Glahn, renowned author of international law, two views are prevalent near this source of law. According to one view the phase includes such general principles which can be employ in domestic jurisprudence and can be utilize to international legal issues. For instance the question of hand in which, the South African government and the pharmaceuticals companies from U.S are seeking international redress to the issue of the SA government manufacturing cheap drugs. The point of contention at hand is the issue of patents rights where pharmaceutical companies want patent rights be protected while the government is concerned about providing cheap and affordable drugs to the people infected by HIV/AIDS the pharmaceutical companies are sensing a decline of their products in the market ascribable to the preference of cheap drugs.Owing to the gaps in international law, it was felt that the competence of the greet could not be confirmed to making judgments according to validating international law i.e. according to customer and conventions but it won rather designed to give free reign to the law making activity of the court and the court had to content itself with applying principles of law which could be established as common to the municipal law of all civilized nations and were whence positive law, though not positive international law (Tostem Gohl, the legal characters and sources of international law Stockholm (1957).In the Lotus case, (P.C.I) ser, A No. 10) the permanent court of international justice observed on the court considers that the words principles of international law as ordinary used can only mean international law as is applied between nations belonging to the community of states.A principle of law recognized by any domestic law does not become on international law by the virtue that it has been accepted by other nations, it becomes a principle of international of law when it has been accepted by the wo rld court. Judge Lauterpact has therefore rightly remarked that the main function of the general principles of law has been that of safety-value to be kept in reserve rather than a source of frequent application of this source only when in a case before it, there is neither international convention nor a custom in respect of the dispute involved. so articles 38, paragraph 1 (c) of the statute of the international court of Justice places on record are of the main sources of the rules of public international law.The general principles of laws are those rules or standards which, are repeated in much the same form in the development systems of law, either because they have a common origin or because they pack a necessary response to certain basic needs of human association reference to the South African case, the Doha declaration on the TRIPS AND everyday HEALTH. The Doha declaration

Cultural Diversity in the U.S Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cultural Diversity in the U.S - Assignment ExampleThe American Civil Law however endeavors to protect the interest of the subjective Americans from fall prey to discriminatory practices of the American people (Civil Rights and the inherent Americans, n.d.). The treatment offered to the Native Americans thus seems quite inconsistent who become more susceptible to the effects of pagan relativity. Inconsistent Public Policies towards Native Americans The authorities of United States endeavors to maintain a strong binding relationship with the Native Americans. To this end, rough of the legislators belonging to the United States recounting realise shown increased interest in setting better educational, health and working standards for the American Indians living within close proximity of their territories. These activities reflect that some Americans desire to make the natives enjoy those amenities which were once kept reserved for the American people. However, the Native America ns are increasingly falling prey to problems of cultural relativity and ethnocentrism as reflected by the attitudes of some fellow Americans. These groups of Americans suffer from the fear that large amount of Native Americans would gradually disturb the unity of the nation and hence poses a considerable threat to the American community. A majority of the American people believe that the due influx of Native Americans in the American community have led to the growth of crime and even had contributed to the birth of regional languages thus creating cultural barriers. However during the period of 2006 monumental demonstrations were organized to promote the betterment of the social groups comprising of Latin American people belonging to different regions. There have been similar erroneous remarks made on Native Americans as exploiters and self gainers. The Native Americans like Mexicans contribute around 29 billion dollars on an annual basis to Americas tax resources in return for t he services have by them. The Native Americans are also observed as economic burdens of America. However, this stands false for the Mexican community living in America is the best cultivators of fruits and vegetables significant for the American economy. Moreover the Native Americans are quick adaptors of the English language and honor the multi-cultural facet of the American region. In the region of California however the immigrant population coming from Latin American countries faced fierce stance with denial of public support in matters related to health and education. During the period of 1994 the United States government headed by Bill Clinton took further steps to seal the entry points of Mexican people to United States. Estimates show that around $2.5 billion are expended by the Canadian government on programs directed to the betterment of the Native Americans. This service rendered by the Canadian government does not gain enough ground for Latin Americans are still kept aw ay from being integrated to the culture of the state. The attempt of the Canadian government to bridge the economic gap between the American and Native Americans were viewed by others as activities, which promoted cultural disintegration. Native Americans thus became a victim of cultural relativism (Native Americans and Public Policy, n.d. Trigger, Washburn, Edward, 1996, p.435 DAngelo & Douglas, 2009, pp.69-78).

Poem ulysses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poem ulysses - Essay ExampleIn stanza 2, line 23 in the poem, Ulysses says, To rust unburnished, not to shine in use, denoting that spirit to incur worthdarn even at an succession where people would redeem them useless. It is Ulysses perseverance that makes him wants to make this dangerous journey in his old age and admits better to peter out during such an adventure than to store in his boring kingdom (Tennyson).The main character in the poem is Ulysses. Ulysses is an old King whom has good memories of his young age and a vast kingdom to rule. Ulysses appears to be bored staying in peerless place as the spirit of adventure keeps calling him, It little profits that an free king (Stanza 1, line 1). He opts to leave the kingdom to his son and make a journey to a distant land with his crew of old men. At an old age, many would expect Ulysses to stay in one place and die in peace, but the old man is determined to die while happy on an adventure (Tennyson). Ulysses is seen as a perso n who does not give up in life, but is determined to hold on onto the one thing that makes him happy. He even makes a move to leave his wife behind and go to the seas with his old crew with whom he has had several adventures

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management EssayScientific focussing rule is principle of management that applies scientific methods and principles in the management of domesticateers and tasks. (Head, 2005) As defined by Head scientific management is the use of scientific methods among the workers to greatly increase the firms productivity. The scientific methods of management called for optimizing the way tasks were formed and ensured that the tasked would be performed better than how they were.It called for the training of workers so as to simplify the routine tasks and to aid in the improved production by playacting their specialized sequence in motion in ones best way of doing it (Braverman, 1974) Before the introduction of the scientific management systems, all the tasks however complicated or simple were performed by some skilled craftsmen. These employees had taken a lot of time learning their jobs through apprenticeship therefore they had to do as they saw it do by their trainers.In th e process of doing the job, the craftsmen made their own decision about how their jobs were to be handled and completed. This made it to them so autonomous and therefore it was taken away by the scientific methods who simplified some jobs which made them to be done by horizontal unskilled craftsmen (Hung, 1915). After Taylor had observed all the time wasted by the Craftsmen he observed improving the Job efficiencies. He gained the experience while functional in a steel grinder. While Taylor was in this steel factory he observed that most workers were producing very much below their normal production level.This he observed and researched on the reasons, which he found that there is a common believe among workers that if they work and produce to their capacity numerous of them would be sent home, another reason was that in the company there was no motivator wages that would motivate the workers- the workers were being paid on an horizontal line regardless of their efforts in the production. This made workers to feel very much relaxed. (Braverman, 1974) During the research Taylor as well as concluded that the employees also use to convince their bosses that the pace they were moving with the job was the best pace.Another reason which also made this to happen was the fear that if the workers work at a faster pace then that would set for them the standards to be used to evaluate them- this would be a threat a looming danger to their working conditions and lastly the he observed that workers feared that management would decide to decrease their pay if the payment was done per unit of production. ( Braverman, 1994) The mother and controller of these problems was that all the workers depended on the territory of the thumb in performing their works.This he was set to change by countering soldering effect and increasing efficiency. (Dawson, 2005) To achieve this mission Taylor did a time correction to determine on what grounds to apply the scientific method. Dur ing the time study he was interested in the proving of a principle which he said that even the most basic intellectualless task could be planned in a way that would increase productivity and that the scientific management of the task would be more appealing to the workers, that with the method alone the workers are already motivated. Head,2005)To prove these entire he carried four experiments namely, pig iron, The Science of Shoveling and brick lying experiments. These he did in the calculating efficiency when some routine works are eliminated in the process. All was a success and then developed the principles that would be used in adapting the scientific management methods. The principles to be adopted were that each company who wanted to new management method had to replace rule of thumb work method with methods based on scientific study.The institution adopting this system had to scientifically select, train and develop workers rather that passively leaving them to train themsel ves. That company also had to set off work nearly equally between the management and the workers and lastly the management had to corporate with workers to ensure that the scientifically select methods are being followed. (Hunges, 2004)With these principles in mind many companies adopted the scientific management and recorded improved productivity however the method was faced by some challenges as the use of cop watches was a protested issue and led to strike in one company and it also method increased the monotony of work. (Dawson ,2005) Although the method was being protested by many workers it has been adopted by many companies today since it changed the way work was being done(dowson,2005).

Literary Genre Essay Example for Free

Literary Genre EssayWhat is literature? Language Department IPGK Pendidikan Teknik Based on your experience learning literature, what is literature? What are the characteristics of literature? Do you need to learn literature? ? Traditionally, literature is imaginative writing. ? However, the distinction between real and fake or fact and fiction isnt always a good distinction many classical works were non-fiction. Literature is Subjective ? Since the 1980s, the literary canon of works a group of works agreed upon to be the best by well-known scholars and critics, has been disputed. Why do you think the canon was disputed? ? The Canon excluded most works that were not by white, European males. ? whole kit and caboodle of literature by women, homosexuals, and works by individuals of varied races, classes and ethnicities were marginalised. How did this happen? ? There are many ways of writing but those in power accepted only one, formal way of writing, and this was precondition the higher value. ? Thus, the literary canon is a construct it was fashioned by picky people for particular reasons at a particular time. ? There is no literary work or tradition that has value in and of itself ? . even Shakespeare ? In his era, Shakespeare was regarded as a hack ? Time and circumstance has offered the value to particular text and this value is a transitive term it will change as the people in power change and are altered, and according to the context of the reading of a particular text. 10 years ago . ? BLOGS were stupid. ? NOW, Iraq War Veterans BLOGS are considered vital historical and literary documents Revisioning the Canon ?All literary works are unconsciously rewritten by the societies that read them. Context ? Readers interpret literary works in the light up of their own concerns. ? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given circumstances. ? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given time period. The Diary of Anne Frank ? Lite rature? Or Not? I Have A Dream ? Is this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Literature? Or Not? Literature and value ?Each of us is constructed by experiences and backgrounds and emotions and ideas and prejudices and knowledge and lack of knowledge ? How we each respond to a particular text is late entwined with our broader prejudices and belief systems. Basic Definition of Literature ?Latin litterae (plural for letter) ? Literally means acquaintance with letters Why Do We Study Literature? ? To obtain a window of the world and other cultures. ? To understand ourselves (how? ). ? To gain insights into a characters inner thoughts, con? icts, aspirations etc. ? To actively shape culture through and through the active and articulate constructions of sociocultural realities.So what is literature? ? What constitutes a literary text? ? What qualities will help me to determine the literariness of a text? ? Read What is Literature by Jim Meyer for our class discussion this Thursday.

The French Revolution Essay Example for Free

The French transmutation EssayThe events leading to the French Revolution are quite obvious. 30 million people sprightliness in France, most living in small, rural villages spell less than a million people lived in Paris. The population was growing rapidly yet the economy was not. The previous king had spent too much money fighting wars and the national debt was staggering. There was an obvious rift between classes peasants were starving while the noble class continued to live opulent lifestyles.At the beginning of the Revolution, after the storming of the Bastille, the French monarch attempted to clean up their finances and a representative government was created, complete with a Declaration of Rights. This phase was led by the Third Estate of the Estates General. A legislative assembly was formed, and war was tell on Austria and Prussia. It was at the end of this phase in 1792 when King Louis XVI was forced to flee the throne. The second phase of the Revolution is known as the case Convention.After the death of the king in the beginning of 1793,the economy did not improve. This led to riots and counter-revolutionary activities which led toThe Reign of Terror , run by Maximilen Robespierre. A direction for public safety was created, which arrested people for committing crimes, sometimes as small as stealing food, and sent them to the guillotine. Almost 17,000 people were be-headed during this time. In 1795, after the execution of Robespierre, a new constitution was created along with a new legislature.The French were tired of fighting and suffering, so despite distrusting the new legislature, called the Directory, most were willing to accept these changes. The Revolution ended in 1799, thanks to the military direction of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader who eventually became the Emperor of France. He spent the first years of the Revolution fighting on the French island of Corsica. When he came to mainland France, he continued to fight for the Republicans. His military career, along with his popularity, had many ups and downs.He led military campaigns in Italy, Egypt and other countries and often had differences with higher ranking military officials. Napoleon became Emperor of France in 1804, five years after the revolution ended, essentially reinstating a type French monarchy. Over the course of ten years, he led more battles across Europe, divorced and re-married, and had the Pope imprisoned when he attempted to ex-communicate Bonaparte. Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1814 to his son, and was sent into exile, which he later escaped and was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. He died in 1821 downstairs British surveillance.

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on Insomnia

Effect of Homeopathic Treatment on InsomniaCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONIntroductionInsomnia is a major health concern particularly when individualistics develop dependency and problematic withdrawal symptoms related to conventional prescription drugs. Approximately 27% of the adult male creation and 31% of the adult female population in South Africa suffer from insomnia (Strangers et al., 2012). Insomnia disorder is characterized by iodine or more of the fol mortifieding problem f everying a residuum, obstacle concording quiet, early morning open-eyed, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Current conventional discussion for insomnia involves psychological and drug therapies. Conventional medication for insomnia is limited and has its drawbacks (Moch, 2011). date continued research and development is ongoing to broaden the clinical inference on the use of homeopathic remedies in the treatment of insomnia to further establish its benefi ts, up-to-date information suggests that the effect of tell homeopathic treatment has not been researched to date in females with insomnia disorder.Aim of the StudyThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of individualised homeopathic treatment on insomnia disorder in females using detailed case studies and the Insomnia Severity Index.Null HypothesisIt is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic regenerate will not be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females.HypothesisIt is anticipated that the individualised homeopathic remedy will be effective in the treatment of insomnia disorder in females.Importance of the ProblemCHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 SleepSleep can be delimitate as a state of reversible unconsciousness in which the brain becomes less responsive to external stimuli (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Although the amount of sleep a person ineluctably varies, most individuals need an average of six to eight hours of sleep a night in order to feel refreshed (Attele et al., 2000). Numerous physiological processes argon regulated during sleep and therefore it is a universal need that is inborn for well-being (Moch, 2011).2.2 The Physiology of SleepNormal sleep is divided into two distinctive states fast eye movement ( rapid eye movement sleep) sleep and non-rapid eye movement ( nonrapid eye movement) sleep, which can be differentiated by an electroencephalogram (pneumoencephalogram) (Schupp Hanning, 2003). Normal sleep begins with NREM sleep and progresses with deeper NREM full stops, before the first episode of REM sleep evanesces about 80 to 100 legal proceeding later. Thereafter, a sleep rack, which is the alternation of periods of NREM and REM sleep, lasts virtually 90 minutes and recurs 3 to 7 condemnations per night. NREM sleep is more prominent and deeper than REM sleep during the first half of the night NREM constitutes the main sleep activity. NREM sleep is shallow during the second half of the night, an d the proportion of REM sleep gradually growings during each subsequent sleep cycle (Carlstedt, 2010). Figure 2.1 shows EEG graphs of these sleep stages.2.2.1 NREM SleepNREM sleep appears as wakefulness-maintaining mechanisms decline. NREM sleep is divided into 4 stages (Lee-Chiong, 2006)Stage 1 an individual first enters stage 1. The EEG is difficult to distinguish from the light EEG of a drowsy person, theta wave activity occurs, and heart rate and skill latent hostility begin to decrease. During this early stage of sleep an occasional muscle jerk, usually of an arm or leg, referred to as myoclonus whitethorn be experienced. This experience is often accompany by a brief visual image, such as tripping or falling (Freberg, 2009).Stage 2 after 10 to 15 minutes in stage 1, the individual enters stage 2 NREM sleep. The EEG shows sleep spindles and K-complexes, which reflect the brains effort to maintain sleep piece of music monitoring the external environment. Heart rate and mus cle tension further reduce. During this stage the individual is able to sleep through familiar stimuli, but wakes in response to unfamiliar stimuli (Freberg, 2009).Stage 3 and 4 after approximately 15 minutes in stage 2, the individual enters stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, also referred to as slow-wave sleep. In both stages, the EEG shows delta wave activity, however, stage 3 differs from stage 4 in the sense that a greater proportion of stage 4 consists of delta waves. During these stages heart rate, blood pressure and core temperature ar at their lowest levels. Awakening the individual during these stages is difficult and disorientating (Freberg, 2009).2.2.2 REM SleepREM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because while the EEG resembles the waking EEG, it is accompanied by reduced skeletal muscle tone of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep, except in the eye where rapid eye movements (saccadic eye movements) occur. These saccadic eye movements are small, fast, unsteady m ovements, which bring the eye from one visual fixation point to another and may be associated with watching the visual images of dreams (Sanoop et al., 2012). Despite the apparently alert EEG it is more difficult to awaken an individual from REM sleep than it is to awaken them from slow-wave sleep. In addition, there is an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as increased blood flow to the genitals. Control of core temperature is poor during this state of sleep (Wagner Silber, 2004). During REM sleep the EEG becomes desynchronised and low voltage fast activity is seen, PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) spikes also appear, which is characteristic of REM sleep (Sanoop et al., 2012).SLEEP STAGES ON AN EEGFigure 2.1 Different Stages of Sleep as seen on an EEG(Source J. A. Horne. (1998). Why We Sleep The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford Uni. Press, England)2.3 The Function of SleepThere are 3 theories accredited to the function of slee pEnergy conservation theory according to this theory, energy expenditure that has occurred during waking hours recovers during sleep (OrthoApnea, 2012). Two mechanisms explain how sleep is able to conserve energy. First, sleep reduces energy expenditure by indirectly reducing activity this mechanism is also active when individuals are awake, but inactive. Secondly, sleep reduces energy expenditure below that achieved by quiet wakefulness by causing a change in physiology (Kryger et al., 2011). Findings that endothermic mammals, including humans, reduce their core temperature and metabolic rate during sleep to support the waking demands support this theory (Kothare Kotagal, 2011).Restorative theory this theory suggests that the function of sleep is to restore physiological and biochemical processes that have been depleted during waking hours. Indirect evidence supports this presumptionThere is an increased release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland following sleep onsetEndogen ous anabolic steroids are released during specific stages of sleepThere is an increased rate of bone growth, as well as increased mitosis of lymphocytes during sleepDuring sleep, genes involved in brain protein synthesis, bulb formation, synaptic vesicle call onover, lipid metabolism, and membrane maintenance are unregulated (Kothare Kotagal, 2011).Learning and memory theory this theory proposes that sleep is necessary for brain plasticity, which is essential in the processes of learning and memory. Several studies have shown that sleep improves learning and memory without task repetition, which suggests that information processing and long-term memory consolidation are compound during sleep (Kothare Kotagal, 2011).2.4 Insomnia2.4.1 Definition and Description of InsomniaInsomnia is defined as the inability to obtain an adequate duration or quality of sleep (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.). It is characterized by one or more of the following clog falling asleep, difficulty mai ntaining sleep, early morning waking, and non-refreshing sleep (South African Association of Sleep Medicine, n.d.). Insomnia occurs despite an adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in impairment in daytime functioning (World Health Organisation, 2009).2.4.2 Incidence, Epidemiology and Demographics of InsomniaInsomnia is the most usual sleep disorder and the second most common overall complaint incubateed in primary healthcare settings (Attarian, 2004), with approximately 30% of the general adult population in South Africa occasionally piteous from insomnia. Insomnia is present in around 50% of individuals treated in a clinical setting and about 10% of these individuals suffer from persistent insomnia. Although insomnia affects individuals of almost both demographic, complaints of insomnia increase with age, and women are more affected than men (Truter, 2008).2.4.3 Insomnia in FemalesEpidemiological studies comparing the prevalence of insomnia in the midst of the genders all report a higher prevalence amongst females. Studies have shown that there is an increased prevalence of insomnia amongst younger females, even in adolescent girls, compared to their age-matched male counterparts. One of the most common perimenopausal symptoms in women aged between 35 and 55 is insomnia (Grewal Doghramji, 2010).Biological differences in sex hormones may contribute to the gender difference in insomnia. For some women, insomnia may arise secondary to catamenial symptoms e.g. headaches, bloating, cramping and breast tenderness. Sleep turnovers during menstrual periods are associated with alterations in progesterone, prolactin and melatonin levels. Melatonin modulation by sex hormones may cause dysregulation of sleep-wake mechanisms (Soares, 2005).Insomnia occurs in approximately half of all menopausal women and may be directly associated with the presence of hot flushes. Nocturnal hot flushes may cause repeated awakenings throughout the night. Menopausal w omen experiencing hot flushes report more frequent awakenings, inefficient sleep, and poor quality sleep, compared with those who do not experience hot flushes. Temperature-regulating and sleep-regulating centers in the brain may be disturbed by changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian hormone levels that occur during menopause, resulting in hot flushes and insomnia (Soares, 2005).In addition, increased levels of psychological distress have also been postulated as potential contributors to insomnia in women including social changes, stress associated with the empty nest syndrome, nursing aging parents or family members, separation from life partners due to divorce or death (Soares, 2005).2.4.4 Classification of InsomniaInsomnia may be situational (acute), persistent, or recurrent. Situational insomnia lasts for a few days up to a few weeks and is usually caused by life events or rapid changes in environment or sleep schedules. Once the precipitating event subsides, the insomnia us ually resolves. In some individuals, insomnia may persist for a long period of time after the initiating event, by chance due to conditioning and heightened arousal conditioned arousal may then persist and lead to persistent insomnia. However, in some individuals, insomnia may have an deadly onset where no identifiable cause can be found. Insomnia may also be episodic, with recurrent episodes of sleep difficulties occurring during stressful events (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).According to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition), insomnia disorder is classified asA predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with one (or more) of the following symptoms difficulty initiating sleep difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings and/or early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleepThe sleep disturbance causes clinic ally significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning.The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week.The sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 months.The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep.The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep-wake disorder (e.g., narcolepsy, a breathing-related sleep disorder, a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, a parasomnia).The insomnia is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication).Coexisting mental disorders and medical conditions do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of insomnia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).2.4.5 Signs and Symptoms of InsomniaSymptoms and signs of insomnia include lying awake for extended periods of time before being able to fall asleep, waking up several times during the night (sleeping for short periods of time), waking up early in the morning with an inability to fall back to sleep and/or waking up in the morning feeling tired or tired (NIH, 2011).2.4.6 Predisposing, Precipitating and Perpetuating Factors of InsomniaFactors that predispose an individual to insomnia include genetics, personality traits, psychologic arousal (eg. anxiety, agitation, and heightened vigilance), and time of day sleep-wake preference (Lee-Chiong, 2008). One theory is that physiological hyperarousal may be a predisposing factor for insomnia research has shown that individuals with insomnia disorder have an increased metabolic rate, increased secretion of ACTH, increased beta activity in the EEG, a more rapid increase in heart rate in response to stress, and increased daytime alertness despite having a shorter sleeping period. another(prenominal) predisposing factor for insomnia may be a decreased homeostatic drive for sleep research has shown that patients with inso mnia disorder do not have the same increase in slow-wave sleep following sleep deprivation that is seen in those without insomnia. A decreased sleep drive would make it more difficult to initiate and maintain sleep under baseline as well as sleep-deprived conditions (Lee-Chiong, 2006).Insomnia is a symptom with numerous and diverse aetiologies, and in a large percentage of the population more than one cause may be present these include stressful life events such as conflicts in the workplace, marital distress, or net examinations a change of usual habits sudden changes in sleep-wake schedules caused by jet lag or changes in work shifts environmental disturbances such as spendthrift noise or light in the bedroom medication use or medication withdrawal substance abuse and chronic medical or psychiatric conditions. Examples of chronic medical conditions include any condition associated with pain, respiratory or cardiac diseases associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, renal fai lure, hyperthyroidism, and neurodegenerative diseases (Lee-Chiong, 2006).Perpetuating factors are cognitive and behavioural changes that occur after an individual has had insomnia for a period of time. Cognitive changes that occur include preoccupation with sleep during the day, as well as a business of not being able to sleep and fear of daytime impairment. This leads to tension at bedtime, and upon waking up during the night. Behavioural changes include keeping irregular sleep-wake schedules, winning naps during the day, staying in bed in an start to gain more sleep, and engaging in stimulating activities during the night. Individuals often make these changes in response to their insomnia, in an attempt to get more sleep however, while these changes may relieve insomnia in the short-term, they promote insomnia in the long-term (Lee-Chiong, 2006).2.4.7 Consequences of InsomniaInsomnia may result in feelings of fatigue and sleepiness. A number of individuals complain of mood dist urbances and cognitive difficulties such as irritability, mild anxiety and depression they may also complain of poor memory and concentration, and difficulty performing complex mental tasks. Because of the irritability and fatigue that is associated with insomnia, interpersonal difficulties may result on the other hand, interpersonal difficulties may be the cause of insomnia. Insomnia may result in restriction of daytime activities, such as work, exercise and social events. This lack of regular daytime activity may in turn contribute to insomnia. In addition to these, insomnia may exacerbate symptomatology of co-morbid disease, and may herald the onset of mood disturbances (Schutte-Rodin et al., 2008).2.5 Measurements used to asses Insomnia2.5.1 The Insomnia Severity IndexThe Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item questionnaire that provides a global measure of an individuals perceived insomnia severity based on the following indicators difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asl eep, and early morning awakenings satisfaction with sleep degree of impairment with daytime functioning degree to which impairments are noticeable and distress or concern with insomnia. Each item is rated on a 5 point Likert scale, and the total score ranges from 0-28. The ISI has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It has proven to be sensitive to therapeutic changes in several treatment studies of insomnia. This instrument can be used to evaluate the initial severity of insomnia, as well as the clinical significance of improvements achieved during the treatment of insomnia (Edinger Carney, n.d.)2.6 Treatment of Insomnia2.6.1 pharmacological Treatment