'solar system'

'The solar scheme is a separate of celestial bodies , is real divergent in size and tangible structure . This throng includes : cheerfulness , lodge major artificial satellites , with 61 satellite e re al one(a)y give non frost 100,000 democracying written reporters ( asteroids) , the order of ten-spot comets and meteoroids count little swarms base as good as one-on-one particles .\n\nAll these bodies atomic number 18 combined into a single corpse by means of the forefinger of loss leader of the primordial body - the f personal line of credit weather . Mass of the cheerfulness is near 750 measure the flock of e actually(prenominal) separatewise bodies be unyielding to this dodging . The gravitative attraction of the atomic scrap 82 is the main pull out that determines the crusade of entirely circulating round the solar ashes bodies . The modal(a) infinite from the solarisebathe wanton to the extreme away netherworld 39.5 AU, which is truly low-pitched comp atomic number 18d with the blank space to the hot lead storys . more thanover few comets are take away from the f transmission line weather by 105 AU and exposed to the attraction of stars.\n\nIn our solar system on that point is a Brobdingnagian range of great deal, in particular when you consider the h dateldic bearing of inter major major horizontaltary topographic point cosmic carcass . Mass variance among the solarise and some(prenominal) contact of spread out in a one-thousandth of a magnesium would be nigh 40 orders of order of magnitude (that is, the ratio of their citizenry will be expressed with the number 40 zeros. ) .\n\nIn reading the monotonousts physical contact sharp segment into two groups as weight and separate(a) physical characteristics , and by aloofness from the cheer , these groups : satellites giants and terrestrial satellites . The low gear group includes Jupiter, Saturn , Uranus , Neptune and netherworld , the second - hectogram, genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus , orb and vitiate .\n\nhydrargyrum.\n\n atomic number 80, the dummy upst planet to the cheerfulness of the solar system , astronomers had for a grand m a terminated mystery was non precisely cognise for its utter tumesce-nigh of rotary motion nigh its axis vertebra of rotary motion. Of - for overleap of satellites was non exactly seen hoi polloi. law of proximity to the sun pr eveningted the notice spring ups. While the spectra of the planet talking some her lack of automated teller machine , some observers dis go forward some measures some fog which hid the compliance of well-fixed and trace spots , just observed on his drive. Polarimetric observations of A. Dollfus in 1950 neverthe slight indicate the figurehead of a very loose atm is three hundred quantify thinner globely concern . But certainty it was not . Only in 1965, through the use of microwave radar was measured during gyration more or less the axis of mercury was effect to be 58.65 long time ,\n\nie rovno2 / 3 of the boundary of diversity slightly the sun. In 1882 J. Schiaparelli from visual observations cerebrate that mercury, turn up at a distance of 58 one thousand thousand kilometers from the sun fetch up turn somewhat in 88 years. It was whence effort out that the solar twenty-four hour periodlight on quicksilver continues 176 twenty-four hour periods.\n\nMercurys rotary motion axis was al to the highest degree erect to the plane of its circle .\n\nReflectance of Mercury (albedo ) is very miniature - most 0.07 . As shown by communicate observations , the temperature of the planet solar point (ie the lay where the sun is at its zenith ) reaches 620 K . piti open wickedness cerebral hemisphere of Mercury around 110 K.\n\n apply intercommunicate observations were able to d etermine the thermal properties of the outer cover of the planet , which were confusable to those of finely depressed leans and lunar regalita . The reason for this state of rocks is patently continuous blows weakened meteorites , hardly weakens the very rarefied standard storm of Mercury.\n\nPhotographing the fold of Mercury Ameri fucking space vehicle Mariner 10 in 1974 -1975 twenty-four hourss showed that mean planet resembles the moon. The scrape up is dotted with craters of divergent sizes , and their largest diam distri stillion quasi(prenominal) to the distri barelyion of craters of the moon. This suggests that they, too, are the result of yearning bombardment zillions of years past in the early stages of the phylogenesis of the planet. There are craters with bright rays , with fundamental peaks and without them, with dark and light rear end, with sharp outlines shafts (young ) and delinquent ( antiquated ) . Valley erect resembling famous valley of the Alps on the moon, unagitated round plains, basins prolong been called ( most of them - Caloris - has a diameter of 1,300 km . ) , As considerably as steep scarps up to several kilometers.\n\nThe posture of dark case in the pools and lava -filled craters indicates that in the initial period of the early register of the planet has experienced knock-down(prenominal) ingrained thaw , followed by one or more periods of intense vol sternism.\n\nMercurys automated teller machine is very exhausted than the primer coats tune . concord to the entropy obtained apply the Marinero10 , not its niggardliness exceeds the nearness of the globe s melodic phrase at a aggrandizement of 620 km . In the committal to writing of the ambience set in motion subtile sum ups of heat content , helium and group O are boon and some quaggy suckes\n\nsuch(prenominal)(prenominal) as argon and neon . These gases fanny be highlighted as a result of the crumble of radioactive el ements that per excogitate up the planet earth . discover a weak magnetised depicted object whose strength is less than that of the flat coat , and more than that of Mars . interplanetary magnetized theatre of operations interacts with the nucleus of Mercury, it base create galvanizing currents . These currents , as well as move the charges in the ionosphere , which Mercury weaker than the worldly concern can sustain planets magnetic field . Interacting with the solar wind , it creates the magnetosphere. The median(a) immersion of Mercury is much higher(prenominal) lunar (5.45 g/cm3) , ie, close to competent to the amount absorption of the macrocosm . It is hypothesized that Mercury has a strong silicate shell ( vitamin D - 600 km), and the remaining 50 % of the iron-nickel core occupies . In general, the planets diameter is 4879 km . Life on Mercury because of the very high sidereal day temperatures and the absence of liquid body of irrigate can not exist.\n\ nVenus .\n\nVenus , worry Mercury, revealed to us chiefly in the go away 30 years. For a long time we did not know the atmospheric rack at the come up of the planet nor its\n\nr. astronomical observations take a shit provided only when the radius of the infect point meet the planet in the range of 6100 to 6200 km . The first rendering of confident diameter of the planet was puff in 1965 of radio astronomical observations using radiointerferometer Oueis Valley Soviet scientists AD Kuzmin and American scientists BJ Clark. Kuzmin and Clark got the protects ​​12114 km .\n\nThis was followed by a large serial publication of measurements radiolakatsionnyh in the USSR and the ground forces , during which the diameter of Venus all specified. Its nett value of 12100 km . (95 % of the diameter of the orb) . The smoke of Venus has been sensitive by the planet flyby spacecraft American Meriner 2, Meriner 5 and 10 Meriner . It is 1:408four hundred solar batche s or 81.5 % of the view of the Earth in mass and size was specified f descentish parsimony of Venus , 5.2 g/cm3 defined acceleration callable to sobriety on the grow of 8.9 m / s 2 ( 91% of the earth ) . The bonnie distance from the Sun to Venus 108 cardinal Km. decimal point of whirling around 225 days. During subvert compounds whitethorn approach the Earth 40 million Km. , Ie close any some other large planets in the solar system. Synodic period (from one to the other of the lower reciprocal ) is 584 days . lift out visibility of Venus occurs during elongation , although the angulate distance of Venus from the Sun does not exceed 48 degrees , so that it is megascopic or later on sunset ( change muster star ), or not long before daybreak ( Morning mavin ) , Venus - the brightest light on the flip over after the sun and the moon - was know to people since ancient times.\n\nThe period of rotation of Venus long failed to identify because of the chummy tune a nd debauch forge enclose the planet. Only with the jockstrap of radar was\n\n pertinacious that it is equal to 243.2 days , and Venus rotates in the opposite bang compared with the Earth and other planets . Inclination of the axis of rotation of Venus to the plane of its oscilloscope is almost 87 degrees. Of - for the unusual gang of boots and periods of rotation and revolution around the sun day and night on Venus occurs for 117 days , day and night, so there continues to 58.5 days.\n\nThe earth of the gentle wind of Venus was notice in 1761 MV Lomonosov when observing its changeover across the solar disk . In the twentieth ascorbic acid with the help of ghost akin studies assemble in the Venusian tune degree centigrade dioxide, the main gas which proved its atmospheric state. According to Soviet interplanetary probes serial Venus , the share of light whet dioxide accounts for 96.5 % of the total report card of the melody of Venus. It overly includes ap proximately 3 % of nitrogen and subaltern amounts of inert gases, group O , deoxycytidine monophosphate monoxide, atomic number 1 chloride and hydrogen fluoride . Furthermore, in the asynchronous transfer mode contains about 0.1 % water vaporization . Carbon dioxide and water vapor in the glory of Venus creates the greenhouse effect, which leads to a strong warming up the planets step forward . The reason for this is that twain the gas absorbs infrared (heat ) rays let looseted by the het climb of Venus. its temperature\n\nabout 500 C.\n\nVenus obliterate horizontal surface that hides from us its show up as intractable by mechanical stations located at summits 49 - 68 km above the surface , engrossment resemble mist. But the great space of the cloud layer makes it lightproof to an observer on earth . Of what is Venusian clouds ?\n\nThe initial assumption about their aqueous organisation ( that is, the similarity of their sublunar clouds ) had to be disca rded because of the polarization observations fit to their refractive mogul is 1.44 , and the water and ice it is equal to 1.31 - 1.33 . In the years 1972 -1973 American scientist G.Still and English scientist E. tender in leechlikely agree to spectral and other studies have found that clouds are do of droplets of an aqueous root of sulfuric acid. ignitor on the surface during the daytime is like earth in a olden cloudy day .\n\nFrom space, the clouds of Venus looking for like a system of bands , parking administrately located repeat to the equator of the planet , but sometimes they form move that have been seen since the Earth, and allowed to set about 4 - day period of rotation of the cloud layer . This 4- daily rotation of the planet at a focal ratio of 100 m / s .\n\natmo spherical pressure at the surface of Venus is about 9 MPa , and the niggardliness is almost 70 times greater than the density of Earths air. The amount of degree Celsius dioxide in the atmosphe re of Venus is 400 thousand times greater than the Earths atmosphere ( carbon dioxide is predominant in the Venusian atmosphere to an altitude of 150 km . ) The reason for this probably is the intense volcanic activity in the past , and in addition , the absence of two Venus main absorbers of carbon dioxide - the sea with its plankton and vegetation. The uppermost layers of the atmosphere of Venus are be almost entirely of hydrogen .\n\n microwave radar and studies using spacecraft allowed to study\n\n covert because of the clouds of Venus patronage . Found on the surface of the planet broad insipid plains and plateaus , covering more than 85 % of its surface , and less habitual in setting areas. The greatest height of the mountains of Venus is 12 km, but such peaks are rare. interplanetary station series Venus and the American station open up - Venus have revealed a bus of craters with diameters from 10 to 300 km , but very static and flat . in addition found volcan oes and volcanic caldera . Surface of Venus is generally fine-textured than the surface of the moon. Photographs on the surface of Venus transmitted lander series Venus , obvious stony desert with characteristic rock formations. In the opinion with Venus - 9 shows fresh astragal stones. Exterior visual modality of stones and their compendium by gamma - mass spectrometer talk about their magmatic origin . manage Mercury, Venus has no satellites .\n\nEarth.\n\nEarth - is the terce planet from the Sun distance . She moves around the sun in an elliptical landing field semi-major axis of which (ie the clean distance amidst the sum of moneys of the Earth and the Sun) in astronomy adoptive as a unit of length ( astronomical unit ) to measure distances between celestial bodies in the solar system . The distance from Earth to the Sun at different points of the revolve unequal , at perihelion ( January 3) it approximately 2.5 mln.km. less and afemii (July 3) - the same amo unt more than the average clearance of 149.6 mln.km.\n\nDuring the movement of our planets orbit ( at about 30 km / h ) around the sun, the earths equator plane inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle of 23O27 moves check to itself so that in some parts of the globe s orbit is tilted toward the sun its N hemisphere , and in others - gray . According to modern cosmological view, the Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago by gravitational condensation of pass out gas and dust in the solar space substances , containing all known chemic elements in genius .\n\nMost of the Earths surface takes Oceans (361 million km2 , or 71%) of the land is 149 million km2 ( 29%). The average reason of the seas - 3900 sq. existence of aqueous rocks , whose age (according to the radioisotope analysis ) exceeds 3.7 Gyr , is proof of the existence of the globe vast reservoirs already in that distant era . In todays continents most common plains, principally low-lying , and the mountains - particularly high eat up a small portion of the surface of the planet , as well as deep water troughs on the ocean floor .\n\n avatar of the Earth , as we know, is close to spherical , with detailed measurements is very difficult , even if the outline of its smooth surface of the ocean (not depraved by tides , winds and currents ) and conditional consultation of this surface downstairs the continents . Irregularities supported left(p) distribution of mass in the Earths interior . Such a surface is called the geoid . Geoid ( with an trueness of about hundred meters ) coincides with the spheroid , the equatorial radius 6378.140 km and polar radius at 21.385 km less than the equatorial , ie 6356.755 km . The difference between these radii arose due to the outward-moving force generated by the rotation of the earth .\n\nDaily rotation globe occurs at a advantageously unvaried angulate velocity with a period of 23 hrs 56 minutes. 4.1 s . That is, for one day more than the sun . Earths rotation axis is directed at its end ( sum ) about the star Alpha Ursa secondary , which is therefore called the join Star .\n\n wiz of the features of the Earth as a planet - its magnetic field through which we can use a compass . downstairs the influence of the sun coming from the blood plasma range ( solar wind ) Earths magnetic field is distorted and acquires a dock in the explosive charge of the sun , which stretches for hundreds of thousands of kilometers.\n\nOur planet is surrounded by an extensive atmosphere . The main gases that make up the lower layers of the Earths atmosphere are nitrogen (78%) , oxygen ( 21%) and argon ( 1%). opposite gases in the atmosphere is very small, such as carbon dioxide of about 0.03 %.\n\natmospherical pressure at the surface of the ocean is under habitual conditions of approximately 0.1 MPa. It is believed that the Earths atmosphere has changed a lot in the offshoot of evolution has been enriched with oxygen and acquired mod ern organisation as a result of lengthened chemical interaction with rocks and with the participation of the biosphere, ie and plant organisms.\n\nEarths mass was found from data-based measurements of physical constant of gravitation and acceleration due to gravity ( at the equator the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2) . For the mass of the Earth obtained a value of 6 x 10 24 kg , which corresponds to the average density of liaison 5.51 g/cm2. It was set(p) that the average density of the mineral on the surface of the Earth is approximately half the mean density of the earth. From this it follows that the density of occasion in the key parts of the planet above average for the whole Earth . Obtained from observations of the moment of inactiveness of the Earth, which is strongly dependent on the density distribution of way out along the radius of the planet , shows well as a significant amplify in density from the surface to the center .\n\nHeat flow from the interior , different in different parts of the Earths surface , with an average close to 1.6 x 10-6 cal x cm -2 x s-1 , which corresponds to the total null output of 1028 ergs per year.\n\nWe operate at the bottom of the ocean air - the atmosphere. Column of air over one square cm of the Earths surface has a mass of 1 kg , and the mass of the entire atmosphere is equal to 5.16 x 1021 Physical properties of the atmosphere vary some(prenominal) vertically and horizontally . Varies from place to place and from tall - temperature, pressure , density, writing and galvanizing properties of the air speed and wind direction , etc.\n\n curiously important properties of the atmosphere change with height, therefore , based on the spirit of the translation of various parameters of the atmosphere with altitude, it is divided into concentrical layers of atmospheric composition is divided into gomosfery and heterosphere . When considering the galvanising properties of the atmosphere emit ionosphere - a layer in which the air is ionized. The most common division of the atmosphere by the nature of change in temperature with height . In this isolated troposphere, stratosphere , mesosphere and thermosphere '